Biotechnology — MCQs Biology

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1. Biotechnology is primarily the use of:
(A) Only chemical reactions
(B) Microorganisms, cells, or biological systems for industrial and medical applications
(C) Only plant breeding
(D) Physics in agriculture

2. Recombinant DNA technology involves:
(A) Polymerizing glucose
(B) Using RNA to synthesize proteins
(C) Extracting lipids from cells
(D) Combining DNA from two different sources

3. Plasmids are commonly used in biotechnology as:
(A) Enzymes
(B) Vectors for gene cloning
(C) Substrates
(D) Nucleotides

4. A vector in genetic engineering is:
(A) A molecule used to transfer foreign DNA into a host cell
(B) A type of enzyme
(C) A carbohydrate
(D) A protein

5. Restriction enzymes function to:
(A) Synthesize RNA
(B) Cut DNA at specific sequences
(C) Translate proteins
(D) Replicate plasmids only

6. Ligase is used to:
(A) Join DNA fragments
(B) Cut DNA
(C) Transcribe RNA
(D) Denature proteins

7. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used for:
(A) Amplifying DNA sequences
(B) Sequencing RNA
(C) Protein synthesis
(D) Glucose metabolism

8. The enzyme used in PCR to synthesize DNA is:
(A) RNA polymerase
(B) DNA polymerase
(C) Ligase
(D) Restriction enzyme

9. Taq polymerase is commonly used in PCR because:
(A) It is heat stable
(B) It synthesizes RNA
(C) It cleaves DNA
(D) It inhibits DNA replication

10. Gel electrophoresis is used to:
(A) Amplify DNA
(B) Separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge
(C) Transcribe RNA
(D) Ligate DNA fragments

11. Southern blotting is used to detect:
(A) Lipids
(B) RNA sequences
(C) Proteins
(D) DNA sequences

12. Northern blotting is used to detect:
(A) Proteins
(B) DNA sequences
(C) RNA sequences
(D) Carbohydrates

13. Western blotting is used to detect:
(A) Lipids
(B) DNA
(C) RNA
(D) Proteins

14. cDNA is synthesized from:
(A) RNA using reverse transcriptase
(B) DNA directly
(C) Protein
(D) Lipid

15. Gene cloning involves:
(A) Degrading RNA
(B) Producing identical copies of a gene
(C) Translating proteins
(D) Sequencing DNA only

16. Transgenic organisms are:
(A) Organisms in natural state
(B) Organisms with mutations only
(C) Organisms without DNA
(D) Organisms that contain foreign genes

17. Bt cotton is an example of:
(A) Microbial fermentation product
(B) Traditional hybrid
(C) RNAi therapy
(D) Genetically modified crop expressing insecticidal protein

18. Stem cells in biotechnology are used for:
(A) Only fermentation
(B) Only food production
(C) Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
(D) DNA sequencing

19. CRISPR-Cas9 is used for:
(A) Protein purification
(B) Genome editing
(C) DNA extraction
(D) RNA transcription

20. Gene therapy involves:
(A) Removing all DNA from cells
(B) Introducing normal genes into patients to correct genetic disorders
(C) Producing insulin in bacteria
(D) Cloning organisms only

21. Recombinant insulin is produced using:
(A) Mammalian cells only
(B) E. coli or yeast as host cells
(C) Plants only
(D) Virus vectors only

22. Human growth hormone (HGH) can be produced by:
(A) Recombinant DNA technology in bacterial systems
(B) Extracting from human pituitary glands only
(C) Chemical synthesis only
(D) Fermentation of fungi

23. Monoclonal antibodies are produced using:
(A) Hybridoma technology
(B) PCR
(C) Restriction enzymes
(D) CRISPR

24. Bioreactors are used for:
(A) DNA sequencing
(B) Controlled microbial fermentation and production
(C) Gene editing
(D) Protein denaturation

25. Enzyme immobilization is important for:
(A) Repeated use and stability of enzymes in industrial processes
(B) Denaturing enzymes
(C) Sequencing DNA
(D) RNA synthesis

26. Microbial fermentation is used to produce:
(A) DNA only
(B) Alcohol, antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes
(C) RNA only
(D) Lipids only

27. Hybridoma cells are formed by:
(A) Fusing two bacteria
(B) Fusing two stem cells
(C) Fusing a B-cell with a myeloma cell
(D) Fusing plant cells

28. The polymerase used in PCR must be:
(A) Sensitive to heat
(B) Thermostable
(C) Only RNA polymerase
(D) Ligase

29. DNA sequencing can be performed using:
(A) Sanger method
(B) Both A and B
(C) Next-generation sequencing
(D) PCR only

30. Gene silencing can be achieved by:
(A) Restriction enzymes
(B) DNA ligase
(C) RNA interference (RNAi)
(D) CRISPR only

31. Cloning of Dolly the sheep involved:
(A) RNA interference
(B) PCR
(C) Hybridoma formation
(D) Somatic cell nuclear transfer

32. Golden rice is genetically modified to produce:
(A) Insulin
(B) Beta-carotene (Vitamin A precursor)
(C) Growth hormone
(D) Antibiotics

33. Biopesticides are produced by:
(A) Chemical synthesis only
(B) Microorganisms or plants
(C) Only fungi
(D) Only bacteria

34. Gene banks store:
(A) Carbohydrates only
(B) Microbes for fermentation
(C) Proteins only
(D) Genetic material for conservation

35. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in biotechnology to:
(A) Sequence DNA
(B) Produce antibiotics
(C) Ferment alcohol
(D) Transfer genes into plants

36. RNA vaccines (like mRNA COVID vaccines) work by:
(A) Blocking DNA replication
(B) Delivering DNA into the nucleus
(C) Delivering protein antigens only
(D) Delivering mRNA to produce viral proteins inside host cells

37. Bt toxin genes originate from:
(A) Bacillus thuringiensis
(B) E. coli
(C) Yeast
(D) Fungi

38. Recombinant vaccines are produced by:
(A) Denaturing proteins
(B) Extracting antigens from pathogens only
(C) Chemical synthesis only
(D) Expressing antigens in microbial or cell systems

39. DNA fingerprinting is used in:
(A) Forensic science, paternity testing, and biodiversity studies
(B) Protein synthesis
(C) Lipid metabolism
(D) RNA transcription

40. Genetically modified microorganisms can be used to:
(A) Produce enzymes, vitamins, and biofuels
(B) Only produce DNA
(C) Only sequence RNA
(D) Produce amino acids in plants only

41. Somatic gene therapy targets:
(A) Germ cells
(B) Non-reproductive cells
(C) All cells in the body permanently
(D) Only stem cells

42. Germline gene therapy targets:
(A) Somatic cells
(B) Germ cells and is heritable
(C) Only liver cells
(D) Only immune cells

43. Biosensors in biotechnology are used to:
(A) Ferment microbes
(B) Detect biological molecules or pathogens
(C) Sequence DNA
(D) Produce enzymes

44. Microarray technology is used for:
(A) Fermentation monitoring
(B) Protein purification
(C) Lipid analysis
(D) Gene expression profiling

45. Metabolic engineering aims to:
(A) Denature enzymes
(B) Modify metabolic pathways for desired products
(C) Sequence DNA only
(D) Produce antibiotics only

46. Biopharming refers to:
(A) Traditional farming
(B) Using genetically modified plants or animals to produce pharmaceuticals
(C) Producing biofuels only
(D) DNA sequencing

47. Proteomics in biotechnology studies:
(A) RNA only
(B) DNA sequences
(C) Proteins and their functions
(D) Lipids only

48. Metagenomics allows study of:
(A) Proteins only
(B) Genetic material of microbial communities without culturing
(C) DNA of single microbes only
(D) Lipids only

49. Synthetic biology involves:
(A) Only traditional breeding
(B) Designing and constructing new biological parts and systems
(C) Only PCR
(D) Lipid metabolism

50. Bioplastics are produced by:
(A) Petroleum only
(B) Microbial fermentation of polymers
(C) Plants only
(D) Enzyme denaturation