Pharmacology (Basic) — MCQs Biology

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1. Pharmacology is the study of:
(A) Microbial nutrition
(B) Human anatomy only
(C) Plant physiology
(D) Drugs, their actions, uses, and effects on living organisms

2. Pharmacokinetics studies:
(A) Drug storage only
(B) Drug chemical synthesis only
(C) Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
(D) Drug taste only

3. Pharmacodynamics studies:
(A) Drug excretion only
(B) Drug storage only
(C) Effects and mechanisms of action of drugs on the body
(D) Drug absorption only

4. Absorption of a drug refers to:
(A) Elimination only
(B) Movement from blood to tissues only
(C) Movement from site of administration into the bloodstream
(D) Metabolism only

5. Bioavailability is:
(A) Drug volume only
(B) Drug’s chemical stability only
(C) Drug taste only
(D) Fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation

6. First-pass effect occurs in:
(A) Lung
(B) Kidney
(C) Heart
(D) Liver

7. Distribution of a drug refers to:
(A) Absorption into gut only
(B) Movement from blood to tissues and organs
(C) Metabolism only
(D) Excretion only

8. Metabolism of drugs primarily occurs in:
(A) Kidney only
(B) Liver
(C) Brain only
(D) Lungs only

9. Phase I metabolism reactions include:
(A) Sulfation only
(B) Conjugation with glucuronic acid
(C) Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
(D) Glutathione conjugation only

10. Phase II metabolism reactions include:
(A) Oxidation only
(B) Conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulfate, or glutathione
(C) Reduction only
(D) Hydrolysis only

11. Excretion of drugs occurs mainly via:
(A) Liver only
(B) Kidney (urine)
(C) Heart only
(D) Lungs only

12. Half-life of a drug refers to:
(A) Time for metabolism only
(B) Time required to reduce its plasma concentration by 50%
(C) Time for absorption only
(D) Time for distribution only

13. Potency of a drug refers to:
(A) Amount of drug required to produce a given effect
(B) Maximum effect of a drug
(C) Toxicity of drug
(D) Solubility only

14. Efficacy of a drug refers to:
(A) Toxicity only
(B) Amount needed
(C) Maximum effect achievable
(D) Absorption only

15. Agonists are:
(A) Drugs that activate receptors to produce a response
(B) Drugs that block receptors
(C) Drugs that are inactive
(D) Drugs that only excrete

16. Antagonists are:
(A) Drugs that produce enzymes only
(B) Drugs that activate receptors
(C) Drugs that enhance metabolism
(D) Drugs that block receptors and prevent a response

17. Competitive antagonists:
(A) Bind irreversibly
(B) Bind reversibly to the same receptor site as the agonist
(C) Produce agonist effects
(D) Are enzymes only

18. Non-competitive antagonists:
(A) Act as agonists
(B) Bind reversibly
(C) Bind irreversibly to the receptor or alter its function
(D) Enhance metabolism only

19. Therapeutic index (TI) is:
(A) Ratio of efficacy to potency
(B) Ratio of absorption to excretion
(C) Ratio of metabolism to excretion
(D) Ratio of toxic dose to effective dose of a drug

20. Drugs can be administered via:
(A) Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, topical routes
(B) Oral only
(C) Intravenous only
(D) Topical only

21. Oral administration advantages include:
(A) None
(B) Rapid onset only
(C) Avoids first-pass metabolism only
(D) Convenience and non-invasiveness

22. Intravenous administration advantages include:
(A) Oral convenience
(B) Rapid onset and complete bioavailability
(C) Prolonged absorption only
(D) Minimal effect

23. Side effects are:
(A) Toxicity only
(B) Desired effects
(C) Unintended effects of drugs
(D) Therapeutic effects only

24. Adverse drug reactions are:
(A) Taste changes only
(B) Desired therapeutic effects only
(C) Harmful and unintended responses to drugs
(D) Absorption changes only

25. Drug tolerance refers to:
(A) Reduced metabolism
(B) Increased toxicity
(C) Increased efficacy
(D) Reduced response to a drug over time

26. Drug dependence refers to:
(A) Compulsive use and withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation
(B) Improved therapeutic effect
(C) Reduced metabolism
(D) Increased absorption only

27. Idiosyncratic drug reactions are:
(A) Unpredictable reactions unique to individuals
(B) Predictable and dose-dependent
(C) Only mild effects
(D) Only metabolic effects

28. Drug-drug interactions may:
(A) Enhance or reduce drug effects
(B) Only enhance effects
(C) Only reduce absorption
(D) Only change taste

29. Bioequivalence refers to:
(A) Same rate and extent of absorption of two drugs
(B) Same chemical formula only
(C) Same taste only
(D) Same metabolism only

30. Narrow therapeutic index drugs require:
(A) Careful monitoring of blood levels
(B) No monitoring
(C) High doses only
(D) Oral administration only

31. Half-life affects:
(A) Metabolism only
(B) Absorption only
(C) Dosing interval and drug accumulation
(D) Distribution only

32. Loading dose is:
(A) Regular maintenance dose
(B) Initial higher dose to rapidly achieve therapeutic levels
(C) Toxic dose
(D) Metabolite dose only

33. Maintenance dose is:
(A) Toxic dose only
(B) Initial dose only
(C) Dose required to maintain therapeutic plasma concentration
(D) Irrelevant dose

34. Drug elimination includes:
(A) Only liver
(B) Only kidney
(C) Excretion via kidneys, bile, lungs, sweat
(D) Only lungs

35. Synergism occurs when:
(A) Effect is less than sum
(B) Combined effect of drugs is greater than individual effects
(C) Only individual effects matter
(D) No effect

36. Antagonism occurs when:
(A) Effects are additive
(B) One drug reduces the effect of another
(C) Only one drug acts
(D) Drugs do not interact

37. Routes of drug administration avoiding first-pass metabolism include:
(A) Oral and rectal only
(B) Oral only
(C) Intravenous, sublingual, inhalation, topical
(D) Only inhalation

38. Enteral drug administration includes:
(A) Intravenous only
(B) Oral, sublingual, rectal routes
(C) Inhalation only
(D) Topical only

39. Parenteral drug administration includes:
(A) Sublingual only
(B) Oral only
(C) IV, IM, SC, intrathecal routes
(D) Rectal only

40. Drug absorption is influenced by:
(A) Only sex
(B) Only temperature
(C) Only age
(D) Solubility, pH, blood flow, surface area

41. Volume of distribution (Vd) indicates:
(A) Metabolism only
(B) Bioavailability only
(C) Extent of drug distribution into tissues
(D) Elimination only

42. Steady-state concentration is achieved after:
(A) Any dose randomly
(B) One dose only
(C) Two doses only
(D) Approximately 4–5 half-lives

43. Drug clearance (CL) is:
(A) Volume metabolized only
(B) Volume absorbed only
(C) Volume distributed only
(D) Volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time

44. Prodrugs are:
(A) Hormones only
(B) Active compounds only
(C) Toxic compounds only
(D) Inactive compounds converted to active drugs in the body

45. Placebo effect refers to:
(A) Side effect only
(B) Toxic effect only
(C) Drug overdose
(D) Beneficial effect due to patient expectation, not the drug itself

46. Tachyphylaxis is:
(A) Rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated administration
(B) Slow metabolism
(C) Enhanced effect
(D) Drug toxicity only

47. Half-life of a drug affects:
(A) Distribution only
(B) Absorption only
(C) Frequency of dosing
(D) Potency only

48. Cmax represents:
(A) Minimum concentration
(B) Maximum plasma concentration of a drug
(C) Half-life only
(D) Volume distribution only

49. Tmax represents:
(A) Time to reach maximum plasma concentration
(B) Half-life only
(C) Minimum concentration only
(D) Bioavailability only

50. Therapeutic window is:
(A) Range between minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration
(B) Dose required for absorption only
(C) Dose for excretion only
(D) Half-life only