Genomics — MCQs Biology – T4Tutorials .PK

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1. Genomics is the study of:
(A) Proteins only
(B) Metabolic pathways
(C) The complete set of DNA in an organism
(D) Cellular organelles

2. The human genome consists of approximately:
(A) 23 genes
(B) 3 million base pairs
(C) 46 chromosomes
(D) 3 billion base pairs

3. The first complete human genome sequence was published in:
(A) 1985
(B) 1990
(C) 2010
(D) 2003

4. Functional genomics aims to study:
(A) Chromosome structure
(B) Protein degradation
(C) DNA replication
(D) Gene expression and function

5. Structural genomics focuses on:
(A) DNA sequence and arrangement
(B) Gene expression
(C) Protein function
(D) RNA splicing

6. Comparative genomics compares:
(A) Protein sequences in one species
(B) DNA sequences between species
(C) RNA sequences only
(D) Metabolic pathways

7. The reference genome provides:
(A) Complete protein sequences
(B) Chromosome shapes
(C) RNA transcripts
(D) A representative DNA sequence for a species

8. Which technique is commonly used for whole-genome sequencing?
(A) Sanger sequencing
(B) PCR
(C) Northern blot
(D) Microarray

9. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows:
(A) High-throughput sequencing of entire genomes
(B) Sequencing of a few genes
(C) Protein sequencing only
(D) RNA splicing

10. Transcriptomics studies:
(A) DNA
(B) Metabolites
(C) Proteins
(D) RNA expression

11. Proteomics focuses on:
(A) RNA molecules
(B) Chromosome number
(C) DNA methylation
(D) Entire set of proteins in a cell

12. Epigenomics studies:
(A) DNA sequence only
(B) Chemical modifications affecting gene expression
(C) RNA sequence
(D) Protein folding

13. Epigenetic changes include:
(A) DNA methylation and histone modification
(B) Point mutations
(C) Chromosome duplication
(D) Frameshift mutations

14. SNPs are:
(A) Single nucleotide polymorphisms
(B) Structural chromosome mutations
(C) Protein domains
(D) RNA variants

15. Comparative genomics helps in:
(A) Understanding evolutionary relationships
(B) Identifying proteins
(C) RNA sequencing
(D) Cell division

16. Metagenomics studies:
(A) DNA from environmental microbial communities
(B) Genes of a single organism
(C) Chromosome structure
(D) Protein synthesis

17. Functional annotation of a genome identifies:
(A) Chromosome number
(B) Protein folding
(C) Genes and their biological roles
(D) RNA splicing

18. Exome sequencing targets:
(A) Only protein-coding regions
(B) Entire genome
(C) Non-coding DNA
(D) Mitochondrial DNA

19. The human exome represents approximately:
(A) 10% of the genome
(B) 1-2% of the genome
(C) 50% of the genome
(D) 100% of the genome

20. Structural variations include:
(A) Insertions, deletions, duplications, inversions
(B) SNPs only
(C) RNA modifications
(D) Protein phosphorylation

21. The HapMap project studies:
(A) Protein sequences
(B) SNP patterns in human populations
(C) RNA transcription
(D) Chromosome number

22. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify:
(A) RNA folding
(B) Chromosome shapes
(C) SNPs linked to diseases
(D) Protein domains

23. The 1000 Genomes Project aimed to:
(A) Sequence 1000 human proteins
(B) Catalog genetic variation in human populations
(C) Sequence microbial genomes
(D) Map metabolic pathways

24. Mitochondrial genomics studies:
(A) Nuclear DNA only
(B) RNA expression
(C) Mitochondrial DNA sequences
(D) Protein folding

25. Chloroplast genomics studies:
(A) Chloroplast DNA
(B) Nuclear genes
(C) Mitochondrial DNA
(D) RNA only

26. Comparative genomics of humans and chimpanzees shows:
(A) 10% DNA similarity
(B) 70% DNA similarity
(C) 50% DNA similarity
(D) >98% DNA similarity

27. Pan-genome represents:
(A) Genes shared among all strains of a species
(B) Genes unique to one species
(C) Only essential genes
(D) Protein domains

28. Orthologous genes are:
(A) Genes duplicated within a genome
(B) Mutated genes only
(C) Genes with no function
(D) Genes in different species with common ancestry

29. Paralogs are:
(A) Genes in different species
(B) Transposable elements
(C) Non-coding DNA
(D) Duplicate genes within a genome

30. Bioinformatics in genomics is used for:
(A) Protein synthesis
(B) Analyzing and interpreting genome data
(C) RNA transcription
(D) Chromosome segregation

31. Genome assembly refers to:
(A) Sequencing RNA
(B) Piecing together DNA fragments to reconstruct the genome
(C) Protein folding
(D) Chromosome staining

32. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) provides information on:
(A) DNA sequence only
(B) Chromosome number
(C) Protein folding
(D) RNA expression levels

33. Epigenetic markers can be inherited:
(A) Only in mitochondria
(B) No
(C) Only in bacteria
(D) Yes, across generations

34. Functional genomics uses technologies like:
(A) Microarrays
(B) PCR
(C) Gel electrophoresis
(D) Western blot only

35. CRISPR-Cas9 in genomics is used for:
(A) RNA splicing
(B) Genome editing
(C) DNA replication
(D) Protein degradation

36. Genome annotation involves:
(A) Sequencing RNA
(B) Chromosome replication
(C) Protein synthesis
(D) Assigning function to genes

37. Structural genomics can reveal:
(A) Metabolic pathways
(B) Protein folding patterns
(C) RNA expression
(D) Chromosome number

38. Microbiome genomics studies:
(A) Microbial genomes in an environment
(B) Human nuclear genome
(C) Protein sequences only
(D) Chromosomes

39. High-throughput sequencing is also called:
(A) Sanger sequencing
(B) Next-generation sequencing
(C) PCR
(D) Microarray

40. Comparative genomics helps in:
(A) Understanding gene function and evolution
(B) Studying protein folding only
(C) Measuring enzyme activity
(D) Chromosome segregation

41. Genomic imprinting involves:
(A) Gene duplication
(B) Parent-specific gene expression
(C) Random mutation
(D) RNA splicing

42. Copy number variations (CNVs) are:
(A) Large DNA segments that vary in number
(B) Single base changes
(C) Chromosome inversions
(D) RNA modifications

43. Genome sequencing has applications in:
(A) Medicine and diagnostics
(B) Agriculture
(C) Evolutionary biology
(D) All of the above

44. Synthetic genomics involves:
(A) Sequencing RNA only
(B) Creating artificial genomes
(C) Studying chromosomes only
(D) Measuring protein activity

45. Single-cell genomics studies:
(A) DNA from many cells
(B) Chromosome number
(C) Protein folding only
(D) DNA/RNA from individual cells

46. The ENCODE project aimed to:
(A) Map human protein sequences
(B) Study chromosome condensation
(C) Study microbial genomes
(D) Identify all functional elements in the human genome

47. Genomic islands are:
(A) Regions of RNA only
(B) DNA segments acquired via horizontal gene transfer
(C) Chromosome ends
(D) Protein-coding regions only

48. Telomere sequencing is part of:
(A) Mitochondrial genomics
(B) Epigenomics
(C) Nuclear genomics
(D) Proteomics

49. Pan-genome includes:
(A) Both A and B
(B) Accessory genes unique to some strains
(C) Core genes shared by all strains
(D) Only RNA sequences

50. Genomics has enabled personalized medicine by:
(A) Sequencing proteins only
(B) Identifying chromosome number
(C) Studying ribosomes only
(D) Predicting drug response based on genome