1. Medical biology primarily deals with:
(A) Environmental conservation
(B) Animal reproduction
(C) Plant physiology
(D) Study of human health and disease
2. The basic structural and functional unit of the human body is:
(A) Organ system
(B) Tissue
(C) Organ
(D) Cell
3. Hematology is the study of:
(A) Nervous system
(B) Hormones
(C) Blood and its disorders
(D) Muscles
4. Leukemia is a disease of:
(A) White blood cells
(B) Red blood cells
(C) Platelets
(D) Bone marrow only
5. Anemia is characterized by:
(A) Excessive platelets
(B) High white blood cell count
(C) Low red blood cell count or hemoglobin
(D) Low plasma
6. Thrombocytopenia is a disorder of:
(A) White blood cells
(B) Platelets
(C) Red blood cells
(D) Plasma
7. Immunology studies:
(A) Immune system and defense mechanisms
(B) Digestive system only
(C) Circulatory system only
(D) Muscular system only
8. The primary immune response is triggered by:
(A) Vaccination only
(B) Second exposure to an antigen
(C) First exposure to an antigen
(D) Hormone secretion
9. Antibodies are produced by:
(A) T lymphocytes
(B) B lymphocytes
(C) Red blood cells
(D) Platelets
10. T lymphocytes are involved in:
(A) Antibody production
(B) Cell-mediated immunity
(C) Oxygen transport
(D) Blood clotting
11. Autoimmune diseases occur when:
(A) Oxygen transport is impaired
(B) Immune system fails to develop
(C) Blood clots form excessively
(D) Immune system attacks the body’s own cells
12. Example of an autoimmune disease is:
(A) Type 1 diabetes
(B) Influenza
(C) Tuberculosis
(D) Malaria
13. Virology is the study of:
(A) Fungi
(B) Bacteria
(C) Viruses
(D) Parasites
14. The virus responsible for AIDS is:
(A) Influenza virus
(B) Hepatitis B virus
(C) HIV
(D) Rabies virus
15. Bacteriology is the study of:
(A) Bacteria
(B) Viruses
(C) Fungi
(D) Parasites
16. Antibiotics are effective against:
(A) Fungi
(B) Viruses
(C) Bacteria
(D) Parasites
17. Antivirals are used to treat:
(A) Viral infections
(B) Bacterial infections
(C) Fungal infections
(D) Parasitic infections
18. Mycology is the study of:
(A) Bacteria
(B) Fungi
(C) Viruses
(D) Parasites
19. Dermatology deals with:
(A) Bones
(B) Heart and vessels
(C) Brain and nerves
(D) Skin and its disorders
20. Cardiovascular diseases include:
(A) Hypertension, heart attack, stroke
(B) Diabetes only
(C) Tuberculosis
(D) Malaria
21. Hypertension is defined as:
(A) Low blood pressure
(B) High blood pressure
(C) Heart failure
(D) Irregular heartbeat
22. Endocrinology studies:
(A) Hormones and endocrine glands
(B) Muscles
(C) Bones
(D) Skin
23. Diabetes mellitus is caused by:
(A) Platelet dysfunction
(B) Excess red blood cells
(C) Immune deficiency
(D) Insufficient insulin or insulin resistance
24. Neurology studies:
(A) Nervous system
(B) Blood only
(C) Muscles only
(D) Endocrine glands only
25. Alzheimer’s disease affects:
(A) Liver
(B) Heart
(C) Brain and memory
(D) Kidneys
26. Parkinson’s disease is caused by:
(A) High blood sugar
(B) Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons
(C) Bacterial infection
(D) Excess platelets
27. Pulmonology studies:
(A) Heart only
(B) Lungs and respiratory system
(C) Kidneys only
(D) Liver only
28. Asthma is characterized by:
(A) Liver disease
(B) Low blood sugar
(C) Heart failure
(D) Airway inflammation and obstruction
29. Gastroenterology studies:
(A) Digestive system
(B) Respiratory system
(C) Nervous system
(D) Muscular system
30. Peptic ulcer affects:
(A) Pancreas
(B) Liver
(C) Stomach or duodenum
(D) Gallbladder
31. Nephrology studies:
(A) Heart
(B) Kidneys and urinary system
(C) Liver
(D) Lungs
32. Renal failure results in:
(A) Low oxygen transport
(B) Low blood sugar
(C) Accumulation of waste in blood
(D) Immune deficiency
33. Hemodialysis is used to:
(A) Treat diabetes
(B) Increase oxygen transport
(C) Remove wastes from blood in kidney failure
(D) Treat infections
34. Immunization protects against:
(A) Heart failure
(B) Diabetes
(C) Infectious diseases
(D) Kidney stones
35. Vaccines may contain:
(A) Killed or weakened pathogens or their components
(B) Antibiotics
(C) Hormones
(D) Enzymes only
36. Antibiotic resistance occurs due to:
(A) Hormonal imbalance
(B) Excess vitamins
(C) Overuse or misuse of antibiotics
(D) Lack of sleep only
37. Sepsis is:
(A) Low blood pressure only
(B) High blood sugar
(C) Body-wide infection leading to inflammation
(D) Stroke
38. Cancer is characterized by:
(A) Normal cell growth
(B) Tissue repair
(C) Uncontrolled cell division
(D) Immune protection
39. Oncogenes promote:
(A) Cancer development
(B) Immune function
(C) Digestion
(D) Oxygen transport
40. Tumor suppressor genes function to:
(A) Aid digestion
(B) Promote tumors
(C) Produce hormones
(D) Prevent uncontrolled cell growth
41. Apoptosis is:
(A) DNA replication only
(B) Cell division only
(C) Tissue formation only
(D) Programmed cell death
42. Pathology studies:
(A) Plant diseases only
(B) Normal anatomy only
(C) Causes and effects of diseases
(D) Photosynthesis
43. Epidemiology deals with:
(A) Cellular metabolism
(B) Individual anatomy
(C) Distribution and determinants of diseases in populations
(D) Animal reproduction
44. Infectious diseases are caused by:
(A) Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
(B) Hormonal imbalance only
(C) Genetics only
(D) Aging only
45. Non-infectious diseases include:
(A) Influenza only
(B) Diabetes, hypertension, cancer
(C) Malaria only
(D) Tuberculosis only
46. Human microbiome refers to:
(A) Fungi only
(B) Pathogens only
(C) Viruses only
(D) Microorganisms living in and on the human body
47. Antibiotics are ineffective against:
(A) Viruses
(B) Bacteria
(C) Fungi
(D) Parasites
48. Human lymphatic system functions to:
(A) Defend against pathogens and maintain fluid balance
(B) Pump blood
(C) Digest food
(D) Produce hormones only
49. The human immune system consists of:
(A) Only muscles
(B) Only bones
(C) Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
(D) Only brain
50. Fever is a:
(A) Defensive response to infection
(B) Blood disorder
(C) Hormonal imbalance
(D) Kidney failure
(A) Applying biological principles to solve legal cases
(B) Studying plant physiology
(C) Animal reproduction only
(D) Environmental conservation
51. DNA profiling is used for:
(A) Diagnosing diabetes
(B) Measuring blood pressure
(C) Identifying individuals
(D) Studying photosynthesis
52. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:
(A) Analyze lipids
(B) Measure enzymes
(C) Digest proteins
(D) Amplify DNA
53. STR analysis in forensic biology refers to:
(A) Simple tissue reaction
(B) Single transcription region
(C) Structural ribosomal RNA
(D) Short tandem repeats in DNA
54. Forensic serology involves the study of:
(A) Teeth only
(B) Bones only
(C) Hair only
(D) Blood and other bodily fluids
55. ABO blood grouping is useful in:
(A) Determining DNA sequence
(B) Identifying suspects or victims
(C) Measuring cell division
(D) Studying enzymes
56. Blood spatter analysis can provide information about:
(A) Cause of death only
(B) Blood type only
(C) Age of victim only
(D) Type of weapon, direction of impact, position of victim
57. Luminol is used in forensic biology to:
(A) Detect trace amounts of blood
(B) Kill bacteria
(C) Amplify DNA
(D) Preserve tissues
58. Hair analysis in forensics can determine:
(A) DNA sequence only
(B) Blood type only
(C) Species, color, and sometimes drug use
(D) Age only
59. Mitochondrial DNA is useful in forensics because:
(A) It is inherited maternally and abundant in cells
(B) It mutates rapidly only
(C) It is present only in blood
(D) It can detect toxins
60. Bite mark analysis helps in:
(A) Measuring DNA
(B) Identifying a suspect based on dental patterns
(C) Blood typing
(D) Determining age only
61. Forensic entomology uses insects to:
(A) Identify DNA sequences
(B) Estimate post-mortem interval (PMI)
(C) Determine blood type
(D) Detect toxins
62. Rigor mortis refers to:
(A) Discoloration of skin
(B) Stiffening of muscles after death
(C) Decay of organs
(D) Blood clotting
63. Livor mortis refers to:
(A) Settling of blood in dependent body parts
(B) Muscle stiffening
(C) DNA degradation
(D) Hair growth
64. Algor mortis is:
(A) DNA replication
(B) Muscle stiffening
(C) Blood settling
(D) Cooling of the body after death
65. Forensic odontology involves:
(A) Blood analysis only
(B) Study of teeth for identification
(C) DNA amplification only
(D) Bone density measurement only
66. Forensic toxicology studies:
(A) Drugs, poisons, and their effects on the body
(B) Blood types only
(C) DNA only
(D) Muscle tissues only
67. Ethanol is commonly tested in forensic toxicology to detect:
(A) Alcohol in blood
(B) Blood type
(C) DNA sequence
(D) Protein levels
68. Chain of custody in forensic investigations ensures:
(A) Blood typing accuracy only
(B) Proper DNA amplification
(C) Proper microscope use
(D) Integrity and traceability of evidence
69. Bite marks, footprints, and fingerprints are examples of:
(A) Chemical evidence
(B) Physical evidence
(C) Biological evidence only
(D) Digital evidence only
70. Fingerprint patterns include:
(A) Whorls only
(B) Loops only
(C) Loops, whorls, arches
(D) Arches only
71. The study of human skeletal remains in forensics is called:
(A) Forensic entomology
(B) Forensic odontology
(C) Forensic anthropology
(D) Forensic cytology
72. Bones can provide information about:
(A) Only DNA
(B) Only age
(C) Age, sex, stature, and ancestry of a person
(D) Only diet
73. DNA can be extracted from:
(A) Only hair
(B) Only blood
(C) Blood, hair, bone, saliva, skin cells
(D) Only bones
74. The RFLP technique in forensics stands for:
(A) Ribosomal Fragment Length Polymorphism
(B) Random Fragment Linear Polymers
(C) Rapid Forensic Linear Procedure
(D) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
75. CODIS is:
(A) Drug detection method only
(B) A type of blood test
(C) Fingerprint analysis software only
(D) Combined DNA Index System used for matching DNA profiles
76. DNA evidence is considered highly reliable because:
(A) DNA sequences are unique to individuals (except identical twins)
(B) It changes daily
(C) It depends on blood type only
(D) It is only present in hair
77. Blood can be preserved for DNA analysis by:
(A) Exposing it to sunlight
(B) Heating it
(C) Storing it in cold conditions or using preservatives
(D) Drying it only
78. Saliva can be used in forensics to:
(A) Only determine blood type
(B) Extract DNA and detect drugs
(C) Only detect toxins
(D) Measure enzyme activity only
79. Semen analysis in forensics can determine:
(A) Blood type only
(B) Presence of sperm and DNA profiling
(C) DNA only
(D) Enzyme activity only
80. Forensic cytology studies:
(A) Cells from body fluids for identification and crime investigation
(B) Bones only
(C) Hair only
(D) Teeth only
81. Forensic palynology involves the study of:
(A) Saliva only
(B) Blood types only
(C) Hair only
(D) Pollen and spores to link suspects to crime scenes
82. Digital forensics focuses on:
(A) Blood analysis
(B) Recovering and analyzing digital data for investigations
(C) DNA analysis
(D) Hair analysis
83. Chain of evidence must be:
(A) Only photographed
(B) Discarded after collection
(C) Stored randomly
(D) Documented from collection to presentation in court
84. Forensic pathology studies:
(A) Cause and manner of death
(B) Blood typing only
(C) DNA extraction only
(D) Fingerprints only
85. Rigor mortis appears within:
(A) 24 hours
(B) 2–6 hours after death
(C) 12–18 hours
(D) 48 hours
86. Livor mortis helps in determining:
(A) Age of the victim
(B) Position of the body after death
(C) DNA type
(D) Blood type
87. Forensic entomology uses blowfly larvae to estimate:
(A) Drug presence only
(B) Blood type
(C) DNA sequence
(D) Post-mortem interval (PMI)
88. The ‘touch DNA’ method involves:
(A) Collecting saliva only
(B) Collecting blood only
(C) Collecting hair only
(D) Collecting DNA from skin cells left on objects
89. Forensic immunology detects:
(A) DNA only
(B) Body fluids using antigen-antibody reactions
(C) Hair only
(D) Bone fragments only
90. Serological evidence can determine:
(A) Hair only
(B) DNA only
(C) Fingerprints only
(D) Blood type and presence of other body fluids
91. Forensic genetics deals with:
(A) Heart function only
(B) Blood pressure only
(C) DNA profiling, paternity testing, and individual identification
(D) Liver enzymes only
92. Mitochondrial DNA is particularly useful in:
(A) Saliva only
(B) Fresh blood only
(C) Degraded or old samples where nuclear DNA is insufficient
(D) Urine only
93. Blood stains on clothing can be detected using:
(A) Alcohol
(B) Luminol
(C) Water only
(D) Bleach only
94. Forensic microbiology studies:
(A) Bones only
(B) Blood typing only
(C) Hair only
(D) Microorganisms in relation to crime scenes and infections
95. Cross-contamination of forensic samples can lead to:
(A) Accurate results
(B) Wrong conclusions in investigations
(C) Faster analysis only
(D) DNA amplification
96. Chain of custody documents:
(A) Only blood type
(B) Only DNA sequences
(C) Only fingerprints
(D) Who handled the evidence and when
97. Forensic biologists often collaborate with:
(A) Botanists only
(B) Farmers only
(C) Police, pathologists, toxicologists, and legal experts
(D) Zoologists only
98. The first step in forensic investigation is:
(A) Hair analysis only
(B) DNA amplification only
(C) Fingerprinting only
(D) Collection and preservation of evidence
99. Contaminated samples in forensic biology can result in:
(A) Accurate identification
(B) Misidentification or false results
(C) Faster analysis
(D) None of the above