Question 1: List any two tools used in TQM (2 marks)
Answer:
Graphical tools used in TQM include:
- Histogram
- Pareto Analysis
- Cause & Effect Diagram
Question 2: Define Incremental Model (2 marks)
Answer:
In Incremental Models, software is built, not written. The system is constructed step by step, like building a house. Each build consists of code pieces from various modules interacting together to provide a functional capability. These builds are designed, implemented, integrated, and tested incrementally, producing a testable and working system at each step.
Question 3: What do you understand by Rational-Man Model? (5 marks)
Answer:
- The Rational Man Model assumes that individuals can rank all alternatives accurately.
- Real-world situations make specifying all alternatives and consequences impossible.
- Systems based on this model require perfect and complete information for certainty.
- It doesn’t account for chance or uncertainty in real life.
Examples:
- In a pharmaceutical company, selecting a perfect alternative for a life-saving drug requires a system that monitors every detail.
- In an ammunitions factory, testing and quality control require high-sensitivity systems to select and discard products safely.
Question 4: What are the primary issues to be considered during system development process? (5 marks)
Answer:
Primary issues include:
- Accuracy and reliability of data
- User requirements and satisfaction
- System functionality and performance
- Cost and resource allocation
- Maintenance and scalability
Question 5: Practical example of Description Model (2 marks)
Answer:
Example: The Blond Guitar
- An old Madeira folk guitar, slightly warped, with copper-wound strings and scuffed body.
- Detailed description of the object, its features, history, and sentimental value, illustrating the description model for documentation purposes.
Question 6: Why prototypes are used? (2 marks)
Answer:
- A prototype is built to test the function of a new design before full-scale production.
- It helps identify and solve design problems quickly and inexpensively.
- Reduces the cost and time of full-scale production errors.
Question 7: Objective of MRP (3 marks)
Answer:
Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) is a software-based system for production planning and inventory control. Objectives:
- Ensure materials and products are available for production and delivery.
- Maintain the lowest possible inventory levels.
- Plan manufacturing, delivery, and purchasing activities efficiently.
Question 8: Difference between Incremental & Iterative Model (3 marks
Answer:
- Incremental: Adds new features in each phase.
- Iterative: Re-do and improve the product in each phase.
Example – Building a House:
- Incremental: Start with a small house and keep adding rooms.
- Iterative: Continuously redesign and improve the house until all requirements are met.
Question 9: Differences (i) Neural Network vs Expert System, (ii) ESS vs DSS
Answer:
Neural Network vs Expert System:
- Expert systems model a human expert’s problem-solving process.
- Neural networks do not model human intelligence; they learn patterns and behaviors.
ESS vs DSS:
- ESS (Executive Support System): Provides enterprise-wide graphical interface for high-level strategic decisions.
- DSS (Decision Support System): Provides department-level analysis (e.g., “what-if” scenarios).
Question 10: Explain System Design & Identify its steps (5 marks)
Answer:
System Design:
- Reassembles system components into a complete system.
- Defines hardware/software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data.
Steps include:
- Designing usable and complete input
- Designing well-defined and flexible output
- Designing file or database structures
- Designing user interface (input screens as seen by users)
Question 11: Define MIS (2 marks)
Answer:
Management Information System (MIS):
- Provides relevant information to management via pre-designed reports.
- Helps middle-level management in planning, controlling, and decision-making.
- Data can be manipulated to produce various reports, presented graphically or pictorially.