1. : The sociology of the environment primarily studies:
(A) The physical properties of ecosystems
(B) Interactions between society and the natural environment
(C) Purely biological relationships
(D) Engineering solutions to climate change
2. : Which sociologist is most associated with the concept of “risk society”?
(A) Emile Durkheim
(B) Ulrich Beck
(C) Max Weber
(D) Karl Marx
3. : The “treadmill of production” theory suggests that:
(A) Economic growth is sustainable in the long term
(B) Industrial societies continuously expand production, causing environmental degradation
(C) Environmental damage has no link to capitalism
(D) Population growth is the only environmental problem
4. : Which of the following is an example of environmental inequality?
(A) Equal access to clean water for all
(B) Poor communities being exposed to more pollution
(C) Fair distribution of natural resources
(D) Equal land ownership
5. : “Ecological modernization theory” emphasizes:
(A) Decline of industrialization
(B) Use of technology and policy to solve environmental problems
(C) Abandonment of economic growth
(D) Complete rejection of science
6. : Which of the following is an example of environmental justice?
(A) Unequal access to healthcare
(B) Equal protection from environmental hazards regardless of race or income
(C) Unequal wages for labor
(D) Urban poverty
7. : The “limits to growth” model (1972) suggested that:
(A) Economic growth can continue forever
(B) Human activities will face limits due to environmental constraints
(C) Industrialization has no environmental impact
(D) Population decline is inevitable
8. : Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of power in environmental problems?
(A) Structural functionalism
(B) Conflict theory
(C) Symbolic interactionism
(D) Evolutionary theory
9. : Symbolic interactionism in environmental sociology focuses on:
(A) Global environmental treaties
(B) How individuals and groups assign meanings to environmental issues
(C) Economic exploitation of resources
(D) Policy enforcement only
10. : Which term describes the unequal distribution of environmental benefits and burdens?
(A) Environmental determinism
(B) Environmental injustice
(C) Ecological balance
(D) Urban sustainability
11. : The concept of “ecological footprint” measures:
(A) Economic growth rate of a country
(B) Human demand on Earth’s ecosystems
(C) Government spending on the environment
(D) Pollution levels only
12. : Which of the following is a social cause of environmental degradation?
(A) Technological innovation
(B) Industrialization and consumerism
(C) Forest conservation
(D) Organic farming
13. : The environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s was sparked by:
(A) Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
(B) Karl Marx’s theories
(C) The Industrial Revolution
(D) The Green Revolution
14. : Ecofeminism argues that:
(A) Gender and environmental issues are unrelated
(B) Exploitation of women and nature are interconnected
(C) Only men cause environmental degradation
(D) Technology alone can solve environmental problems
15. : Which of the following is a global environmental sociology concern?
(A) Local traffic management
(B) Climate change and global warming
(C) Individual recycling habits only
(D) Municipal governance
16. : “Environmental racism” refers to:
(A) Discriminatory hiring in environmental jobs
(B) Placement of hazardous facilities in minority communities
(C) Urban beautification programs
(D) Unequal wages for farmers
17. : Which concept refers to the social perception of environmental risks?
(A) Risk society
(B) Carrying capacity
(C) Ecological determinism
(D) Social capital
18. : The carrying capacity of an environment refers to:
(A) The maximum number of species an ecosystem can sustain
(B) Unlimited human growth potential
(C) Political capacity of a government
(D) Renewable energy production
19. : Which sociological theory argues that environmental degradation is inherent in capitalism?
(A) Functionalism
(B) Conflict theory
(C) Symbolic interactionism
(D) Rational choice theory
20. : The term “sustainable development” was popularized by:
(A) Brundtland Report (1987)
(B) Paris Agreement
(C) Kyoto Protocol
(D) Rio Earth Summit
21. : Which is an example of a sociological approach to climate change?
(A) Studying melting glaciers
(B) Examining how social inequality affects climate vulnerability
(C) Calculating CO₂ levels only
(D) Observing wildlife migration
22. : Which sociologist is linked with environmental Marxism?
(A) Ulrich Beck
(B) Allan Schnaiberg
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Max Weber
23. : “Greenwashing” refers to:
(A) Genuine environmental protection efforts
(B) Misleading claims by companies about being environmentally friendly
(C) Government regulation of industries
(D) Recycling of plastic
24. : Which factor increases environmental vulnerability in developing countries?
(A) High industrialization and regulation
(B) Poverty and lack of infrastructure
(C) Strict waste management policies
(D) Strong environmental movements
25. : The main aim of environmental sociology is to:
(A) Study ecosystems as isolated systems
(B) Understand how human societies cause and respond to environmental problems
(C) Focus only on economic growth
(D) Eliminate all industries