1. Plant ecology deals with the study of:
(A) Plant structure
(B) Plant classification
(C) Plant reproduction
(D) Relationship of plants with environment
2. The place where an organism lives is called its:
(A) Population
(B) Community
(C) Habitat
(D) Niche
3. The functional role of a species in an ecosystem is called:
(A) Habitat
(B) Population
(C) Community
(D) Niche
4. A group of plants of the same species living in an area is called:
(A) Ecosystem
(B) Population
(C) Community
(D) Biome
5. A community consists of:
(A) Different populations living together
(B) Only animals
(C) Only plants
(D) Only producers
6. Which is the basic structural and functional unit of ecology?
(A) Population
(B) Ecosystem
(C) Biome
(D) Community
7. Producers in an ecosystem are mainly:
(A) Animals
(B) Green plants
(C) Bacteria
(D) Fungi
8. Plants that grow in water are called:
(A) Xerophytes
(B) Hydrophytes
(C) Mesophytes
(D) Halophytes
9. Plants adapted to dry conditions are known as:
(A) Halophytes
(B) Hydrophytes
(C) Xerophytes
(D) Epiphytes
10. Plants growing in saline soil are called:
(A) Mesophytes
(B) Halophytes
(C) Hydrophytes
(D) Xerophytes
11. Plants growing on other plants without harming them are called:
(A) Parasites
(B) Epiphytes
(C) Saprophytes
(D) Insectivorous plants
12. An organism that depends on dead organic matter is called:
(A) Parasite
(B) Saprophyte
(C) Producer
(D) Symbiont
13. Which factor is a climatic factor?
(A) Soil pH
(B) Light
(C) Minerals
(D) Humus
14. Temperature affects plants mainly by influencing:
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) Enzyme activity
(C) Respiration
(D) Water absorption
15. The study of soil in relation to plants is called:
(A) Phytogeography
(B) Pedology
(C) Limnology
(D) Edaphology
16. Which soil has the highest water-holding capacity?
(A) Sandy soil
(B) Loamy soil
(C) Clay soil
(D) Gravel soil
17. Plants growing in moderate conditions are called:
(A) Mesophytes
(B) Xerophytes
(C) Hydrophytes
(D) Halophytes
18. Which biome has permanently frozen subsoil?
(A) Tundra
(B) Grassland
(C) Desert
(D) Tropical rainforest
19. The largest terrestrial biome is:
(A) Forest
(B) Tundra
(C) Grassland
(D) Desert
20. Which biome has the highest biodiversity?
(A) Desert
(B) Tropical rainforest
(C) Tundra
(D) Grassland
21. A stable climax community is formed by the process of:
(A) Competition
(B) Succession
(C) Migration
(D) Adaptation
22. Succession starting on bare rock is called:
(A) Primary succession
(B) Hydrarch succession
(C) Secondary succession
(D) Mesarch succession
23. Succession starting in water is called:
(A) Hydrarch
(B) Mesarch
(C) Xerarch
(D) Litharch
24. The first organisms in primary succession are:
(A) Mosses
(B) Algae
(C) Ferns
(D) Lichens
25. Which interaction benefits both organisms?
(A) Parasitism
(B) Mutualism
(C) Predation
(D) Commensalism
26. Lichen is an example of:
(A) Parasitism
(B) Commensalism
(C) Competition
(D) Mutualism
27. Association where one benefits and the other is harmed is:
(A) Mutualism
(B) Commensalism
(C) Symbiosis
(D) Parasitism
28. Plants competing for light show:
(A) Interspecific competition
(B) Mutualism
(C) Intraspecific competition
(D) Predation
29. The movement of plants from one area to another is called:
(A) Migration
(B) Dispersion
(C) Succession
(D) Adaptation
30. Wind pollination is common in:
(A) Hydrophytes
(B) Grasses
(C) Xerophytes
(D) Epiphytes
31. Adaptations help plants to:
(A) Compete
(B) Survive
(C) All of these
(D) Reproduce
32. Thick cuticle in leaves reduces:
(A) Transpiration
(B) Photosynthesis
(C) Respiration
(D) Absorption
33. Spines in cactus are modified:
(A) Roots
(B) Stems
(C) Flowers
(D) Leaves
34. Which plant is insectivorous?
(A) Cactus
(B) Pitcher plant
(C) Hydrilla
(D) Orchid
35. Insectivorous plants usually grow in soils deficient in:
(A) Phosphorus
(B) Potassium
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Calcium
36. Which factor is biotic?
(A) Herbivores
(B) Rainfall
(C) Soil
(D) Temperature
37. Grazing affects plant population by:
(A) Increasing growth
(B) Increasing reproduction
(C) Decreasing density
(D) No effect
38. The green belt around deserts to stop expansion is called:
(A) Desertification
(B) Deforestation
(C) Afforestation
(D) Urbanization
39. Removal of forests on a large scale is known as:
(A) Afforestation
(B) Conservation
(C) Reforestation
(D) Deforestation
40. Which gas is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Nitrogen
(C) Carbon dioxide
(D) Hydrogen
41. An ecosystem with fresh water is called:
(A) Marine ecosystem
(B) Terrestrial ecosystem
(C) Desert ecosystem
(D) Freshwater ecosystem
42. Producers occupy which trophic level?
(A) Second
(B) First
(C) Third
(D) Fourth
43. Energy flow in an ecosystem is:
(A) Cyclic
(B) Bidirectional
(C) Unidirectional
(D) Random
44. Which component recycles nutrients in ecosystem?
(A) Producers
(B) Consumers
(C) Decomposers
(D) Herbivores
45. Bacteria and fungi mainly act as:
(A) Producers
(B) Consumers
(C) Parasites
(D) Decomposers
46. A self-sustaining system of organisms and environment is:
(A) Community
(B) Population
(C) Biome
(D) Ecosystem
47. Which plant shows xerophytic adaptations?
(A) Cactus
(B) Hydrilla
(C) Lotus
(D) Rice
48. Seasonal shedding of leaves is an adaptation to:
(A) Cold
(B) Wind
(C) Drought
(D) Flood
49. Which ecological factor controls flowering time in plants?
(A) Soil
(B) Light
(C) Wind
(D) Humidity
50. Conservation of natural habitats is important to maintain:
(A) Biodiversity
(B) Biomass
(C) Population
(D) Productivity