1. Neuroscience is the study of:
(A) The structure, function, and development of the nervous system
(B) Digestive enzymes
(C) Blood circulation
(D) Plant growth
2. The nervous system is divided into:
(A) Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
(B) CNS and lymphatic system
(C) PNS and circulatory system
(D) CNS and respiratory system
3. The CNS includes:
(A) Heart and lungs
(B) Brain and spinal cord
(C) Kidneys and liver
(D) Muscles and bones
4. The PNS includes:
(A) Bones and muscles
(B) Brain and spinal cord
(C) Heart and lungs
(D) Cranial and spinal nerves
5. Neurons are:
(A) Muscle cells
(B) Supportive connective tissue
(C) Blood cells
(D) Functional cells of the nervous system that transmit signals
6. Neuroglia or glial cells:
(A) Form bones
(B) Transmit nerve impulses
(C) Contract muscles
(D) Support, protect, and nourish neurons
7. The main parts of a neuron are:
(A) Cell body, dendrites, axon
(B) Nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria only
(C) Soma and myelin only
(D) Axon and synapse only
8. Dendrites function to:
(A) Transmit signals to other neurons
(B) Receive signals from other neurons
(C) Store neurotransmitters
(D) Form myelin
9. Axons function to:
(A) Receive signals
(B) Transmit signals away from the neuron cell body
(C) Produce energy
(D) Synthesize proteins only
10. Myelin sheath:
(A) Generates action potentials
(B) Insulates axons and increases signal conduction speed
(C) Stores neurotransmitters
(D) Produces energy only
11. Nodes of Ranvier are:
(A) Dendritic branches only
(B) Synaptic junctions only
(C) Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated
(D) Axon terminals only
12. Action potentials are:
(A) Hormonal signals
(B) Chemical toxins
(C) Muscle contractions
(D) Electrical impulses that travel along neurons
13. Resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately:
(A) +100 mV
(B) +40 mV
(C) 0 mV
(D) 70 mV
14. Depolarization occurs when:
(A) Calcium ions leave the neuron
(B) Potassium ions leave the neuron
(C) Chloride ions enter the neuron
(D) Sodium ions enter the neuron
15. Repolarization occurs when:
(A) Sodium ions enter
(B) Potassium ions exit the neuron
(C) Calcium enters
(D) Chloride leaves
16. The synapse is:
(A) Bone junction
(B) Gap between muscle fibers
(C) Blood vessel junction
(D) Junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted
17. Neurotransmitters are:
(A) Hormones only
(B) Enzymes in the liver
(C) Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses
(D) Proteins in muscles
18. Excitatory neurotransmitters:
(A) Destroy neurons
(B) Inhibit action potential
(C) Promote action potential in the postsynaptic neuron
(D) Produce myelin
19. Inhibitory neurotransmitters:
(A) Reduce likelihood of action potential
(B) Increase nerve firing
(C) Produce energy
(D) Form synapses
20. Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters include:
(A) GABA only
(B) Glutamate and acetylcholine
(C) Glycine only
(D) Dopamine only
21. Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters include:
(A) Glutamate only
(B) GABA and glycine
(C) Acetylcholine only
(D) Dopamine only
22. The brain is divided into:
(A) Medulla only
(B) Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
(C) Pons only
(D) Spinal cord only
23. The cerebrum is responsible for:
(A) Heartbeat regulation only
(B) Higher brain functions like thinking, memory, and voluntary movement
(C) Breathing only
(D) Digestion only
24. The cerebellum controls:
(A) Vision only
(B) Coordination, balance, and fine motor skills
(C) Hearing only
(D) Taste only
25. The brainstem controls:
(A) Learning only
(B) Memory only
(C) Basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
(D) Voluntary movements only
26. The spinal cord:
(A) Transmits signals between the brain and body, and coordinates reflexes
(B) Stores neurotransmitters only
(C) Produces hormones only
(D) Forms bones only
27. Reflex arc is:
(A) Voluntary motor pathway only
(B) Memory pathway
(C) Neural pathway that mediates a rapid, automatic response
(D) Digestive pathway only
28. Peripheral nerves are classified as:
(A) Only motor
(B) Only sensory
(C) Sensory, motor, or mixed
(D) Only autonomic
29. Sensory neurons carry signals:
(A) From bones to CNS
(B) From CNS to muscles
(C) From muscles to skin
(D) From receptors to the CNS
30. Motor neurons carry signals:
(A) From sensory organs to CNS
(B) From CNS to effectors like muscles and glands
(C) From brain to heart only
(D) From skin to brain only
31. Autonomic nervous system regulates:
(A) Involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiration
(B) Voluntary movement only
(C) Memory only
(D) Sensory input only
32. Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
(A) Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’
(B) Promotes rest and digestion
(C) Regulates memory
(D) Controls reflexes only
33. Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
(A) Controls reflexes only
(B) Activates stress response only
(C) Controls muscles only
(D) Promotes ‘rest and digest’ functions
34. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions to:
(A) Absorb nutrients only
(B) Supply blood to muscles
(C) Protect brain from harmful substances in the blood
(D) Produce cerebrospinal fluid only
35. Glutamate is:
(A) The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
(B) Inhibitory only
(C) Hormone only
(D) Enzyme only
36. GABA is:
(A) The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
(B) Excitatory only
(C) Hormone only
(D) Enzyme only
37. Dopamine is involved in:
(A) Movement control, reward, and motivation
(B) Digestion only
(C) Blood clotting only
(D) Muscle contraction only
38. Serotonin regulates:
(A) Reflexes only
(B) Mood, appetite, and sleep
(C) Heart rate only
(D) Muscle growth only
39. Acetylcholine is important for:
(A) Hair growth only
(B) Digestion only
(C) Respiration only
(D) Muscle contraction and memory
40. Norepinephrine functions in:
(A) Muscle contraction only
(B) Digestion only
(C) Arousal, attention, and stress response
(D) Hair growth only
41. Neural plasticity refers to:
(A) DNA mutation only
(B) Permanent damage only
(C) Ability of the nervous system to change structure and function
(D) Muscle regeneration only
42. Neurogenesis is:
(A) Formation of new muscles
(B) Formation of new neurons
(C) Formation of new bones
(D) Formation of new blood cells
43. Nodes of Ranvier enable:
(A) Muscle contraction only
(B) Diffusion of nutrients only
(C) Synaptic vesicle formation only
(D) Saltatory conduction along myelinated axons
44. Gray matter consists of:
(A) Myelinated axons only
(B) Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
(C) Bones only
(D) Connective tissue only
45. White matter consists of:
(A) Neuronal cell bodies only
(B) Myelinated axons
(C) Muscle fibers only
(D) Connective tissue only
46. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) functions to:
(A) Digest nutrients only
(B) Store blood only
(C) Produce hormones only
(D) Cushion the brain and spinal cord, remove waste
47. Blood supply to the brain is mainly through:
(A) Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
(B) Aorta only
(C) Pulmonary artery only
(D) Jugular vein only
48. The limbic system is responsible for:
(A) Emotions, memory, and learning
(B) Muscle contraction only
(C) Digestion only
(D) Heart regulation only
49. Hippocampus is important for:
(A) Heart rate only
(B) Muscle contraction only
(C) Reflexes only
(D) Memory formation and spatial navigation
50. The amygdala is involved in:
(A) Muscle growth
(B) Processing emotions, especially fear and aggression
(C) Digestion
(D) Reflexes