1. : Immanuel Kant’s ethical theory is best known as:
(A) Utilitarianism
(B) Deontology (Duty-based ethics)
(C) Virtue Ethics
(D) Relativism
2. : Kant’s principle of the categorical imperative emphasizes:
(A) Acting according to universal moral laws
(B) Maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain
(C) Following majority opinion
(D) Pursuing self-interest first
3. : Which of the following statements reflects Kant’s ethical view?
(A) The consequences of an action determine its morality
(B) Actions are moral if they come from duty and universal principles
(C) Happiness is the highest good
(D) Morality is relative to culture
4. : John Stuart Mill is most closely associated with which ethical theory?
(A) Utilitarianism
(B) Virtue Ethics
(C) Deontology
(D) Ethical Relativism
5. : According to Mill, the principle of utility is based on:
(A) Duty for its own sake
(B) Greatest happiness for the greatest number
(C) Individual rights above all else
(D) Strict obedience to rules
6. : Kant’s ethics is often described as:
(A) Consequence-based
(B) Rule and duty-based
(C) Emotion-driven
(D) Culturally relative
7. : Mill made a distinction between:
(A) Legal and illegal pleasures
(B) Higher (intellectual) and lower (bodily) pleasures
(C) Selfish and unselfish duties
(D) Rational and irrational laws
8. : Which criticism is often raised against Kant’s ethical theory?
(A) It ignores universal principles
(B) It is too rigid and ignores consequences
(C) It values happiness above all
(D) It relies on emotions over reason
9. : A key criticism of Mill’s utilitarianism is:
(A) It is too abstract and ignores happiness
(B) It may justify harming minorities if it benefits the majority
(C) It rejects consequences in morality
(D) It denies the importance of pleasure
10. : A major difference between Kant and Mill is that:
(A) Kant focused on duty and universal moral law, while Mill focused on consequences and happiness
(B) Kant rejected morality, while Mill supported it
(C) Mill emphasized rules, while Kant emphasized outcomes
(D) Both rejected rationality in ethics