1. What does actus reus mean in criminal law?
(A) Guilty mind
(B) Strict liability
(C) Guilty act
(D) Legal duty
2. Can actus reus include an omission?
(A) Never
(B) Only if a legal duty exists
(C) Always
(D) Only in strict liability offences
3. Which of the following is an example of actus reus by omission?
(A) Speeding
(B) Shooting someone
(C) Failing to feed a dependent child
(D) Theft
4. Actus reus must be:
(A) Only a positive act
(B) Either a positive act or omission where law imposes a duty
(C) Only a failure to act
(D) Only mens rea
5. For a conduct crime, which is true?
(A) A specific result must occur
(B) No result is required, only the act itself
(C) Mens rea is never needed
(D) Strict liability applies only
6. In general, individuals are liable for:
(A) Only acts
(B) All omissions
(C) Acts and omissions without exceptions
(D) None of the above
7. When can omission lead to criminal liability?
(A) Moral duty exists
(B) Legal duty exists
(C) Wishful thinking exists
(D) Strict liability exists
8. Creating a dangerous situation imposes a duty to act. Which case established this principle?
(A) Woollin [1999]
(B) R v Miller [1983]
(C) R v Cunningham [1957]
(D) Donoghue v Stevenson [1932]
9. If a person contributes to a life-threatening situation they ought to know, are they liable for omission?
(A) Only in strict liability offences
(B) No
(C) Only if intent is proven
(D) Yes
10. Which of the following does NOT create a legal duty?
(A) Contractual obligations
(B) Voluntarily assuming care of another
(C) Creation of danger
(D) Moral obligation only
11. Causation in criminal law establishes:
(A) Legal responsibility for a result
(B) Moral blameworthiness
(C) Mens rea
(D) Strict liability
12. For causation, the chain of events must be:
(A) Unbroken
(B) Broken
(C) Probable
(D) Possible
13. If D’s contribution is insignificant due to another’s act, D is:
(A) Fully liable
(B) Not criminally responsible
(C) Strictly liable
(D) Intentionally reckless
14. Result crimes require proof of:
(A) Both actus reus and causation
(B) Mens rea only
(C) Act only
(D) Strict liability only
15. Conduct crimes differ from result crimes because:
(A) They always require mens rea
(B) No result needs to occur
(C) They require a prohibited result
(D) They are never punishable
16. Mens rea means:
(A) Guilty mind
(B) Guilty act
(C) Strict liability
(D) Duty to act
17. Which is the highest standard of mens rea?
(A) Intention
(B) Subjective recklessness
(C) Negligence
(D) Strict liability
18. Direct intention refers to:
(A) Foreseeing a result as possible
(B) Negligent conduct
(C) Ignorance of the result
(D) Aim or purpose to bring about a result
19. Oblique intention arises when:
(A) D intends the result directly
(B) D foresees the result as virtually certain
(C) D is reckless
(D) D is negligent
20. Motive is:
(A) Irrelevant for direct intention
(B) Relevant for direct intention
(C) Required for oblique intention
(D) Required for strict liability
21. In Woollin [1999], oblique intent test involves:
(A) Only objective foresight
(B) Objective and subjective foresight
(C) Only subjective foresight
(D) Moral blameworthiness
22. Throwing a child in anger causing death is an example of:
(A) Oblique intention
(B) Direct intention
(C) Recklessness
(D) Negligence
23. Foreseeing a possible but not certain result is:
(A) Direct intention
(B) Subjective recklessness
(C) Oblique intention
(D) Strict liability
24. Direct intention focuses on:
(A) Moral duty
(B) Outcome probability
(C) Aim/purpose
(D) Legal causation
25. Oblique intention requires foresight of:
(A) Possible consequence
(B) Probable consequence
(C) Virtual certainty
(D) Moral certainty
26. Negligence in criminal law means:
(A) D intends the harm
(B) D is morally blameworthy only
(C) D is strictly liable
(D) D fails to meet reasonable standard of care
27. Subjective recklessness involves:
(A) D fails to foresee any risk
(B) D is aware of a risk but goes ahead
(C) D intends the result
(D) D is strictly liable
28. Which is not mens rea?
(A) Negligence
(B) Intention
(C) Recklessness
(D) Actus reus
29. Mens rea can be:
(A) Subjective or objective
(B) Objective only
(C) Subjective only
(D) None of the above
30. Recklessness differs from intention because:
(A) Recklessness involves aim/purpose
(B) Recklessness is awareness of risk, not certainty
(C) Recklessness requires moral blame
(D) Recklessness requires causation
31. Strict liability offences:
(A) Require mens rea
(B) Are never punishable
(C) Require proof of intention
(D) Do not require mens rea for some elements
32. Absolute liability offences:
(A) Require mens rea
(B) Require proof of negligence
(C) Require no mens rea at all
(D) Are serious crimes only
33. Which is an example of strict liability?
(A) Murder
(B) Speeding
(C) Theft
(D) Manslaughter
34. Courts presume mens rea is required unless:
(A) Actus reus is obvious
(B) Moral duty exists
(C) Statute indicates otherwise
(D) Omissions exist
35. Selling lottery tickets to underage persons is likely:
(A) Oblique intention
(B) Direct intention
(C) Negligence
(D) Strict liability
36. Abetment refers to:
(A) Planning only
(B) Aiding, encouraging, or instigating an offence
(C) Direct intention
(D) Omissions only
37. Conspiracy involves:
(A) Agreement to commit a crime
(B) Mere preparation
(C) Strict liability
(D) Negligence
38. Abettor liability depends on:
(A) Mens rea of principal only
(B) Moral duty
(C) Strict liability only
(D) Actus reus and mens rea of abettor
39. Conspiracy differs from abetment because:
(A) Abetment requires strict liability
(B) Conspiracy requires agreement
(C) Conspiracy requires causation
(D) Abetment requires intent
40. Abetment can include:
(A) Pure moral encouragement
(B) Omitting to prevent a crime when legally obliged
(C) Intent without act
(D) Mistaken belief
41. Consent is relevant in offences involving:
(A) Theft
(B) Bodily harm
(C) Strict liability
(D) Negligence only
42. Will refers to:
(A) Mental aim to commit act
(B) Legal document
(C) Omissions
(D) Recklessness only
43. Lack of consent may transform a minor assault into:
(A) Murder
(B) Strict liability offence
(C) Grievous bodily harm
(D) Conspiracy
44. Consent must be:
(A) Optional
(B) Only verbal
(C) Only implied
(D) Real and informed
45. A defendant cannot rely on consent if:
(A) They intended no harm
(B) They acted negligently
(C) It was given under duress
(D) Strict liability applies
46. Mens rea and actus reus together are required for:
(A) All criminal offences unless statute excludes mens rea
(B) Only strict liability offences
(C) Only negligence
(D) Only omissions
47. Causation includes:
(A) Factual cause only
(B) Both factual and legal cause
(C) Legal cause only
(D) Moral cause only
48. Result crimes are:
(A) Crimes requiring a prohibited result
(B) Crimes where conduct is sufficient
(C) Crimes requiring consent
(D) Strict liability offences
49. Conduct crimes:
(A) Require a prohibited result
(B) Require proof of causation
(C) Are satisfied by act itself
(D) Are strict liability only
50. Intention differs from recklessness because:
(A) Intention involves foresight of risk only
(B) Intention involves aim/purpose to bring about a result
(C) Recklessness is always direct
(D) Intention is objective only
51. The test for oblique intention is:
(A) Virtual certainty of result and foresight by D
(B) Probability of result
(C) Negligence standard
(D) Moral blameworthiness
52. Negligence is assessed by:
(A) Subjective standard only
(B) Strict liability
(C) Virtual certainty
(D) Reasonable person standard
53. Omissions leading to liability generally require:
(A) Moral duty
(B) Strict liability
(C) Recklessness
(D) Legal duty
54. Mens rea may be inferred if:
(A) Statute silent but offence serious
(B) Strict liability clearly indicated
(C) Omissions present
(D) Conduct minor
55. Absolute liability differs from strict liability because:
(A) It requires mens rea
(B) No mens rea is required at all
(C) Only applies to murder
(D) Only applies to omissions
56. Direct intention focuses on:
(A) Virtually certain result
(B) Reasonable person standard
(C) D’s aim or purpose
(D) Legal duty
57. Oblique intention is used when:
(A) D directly aims to harm
(B) Conduct is morally wrong
(C) Only negligence is present
(D) Result is foreseen as virtually certain, not aimed
58. Recklessness differs from negligence because:
(A) Negligence is subjective foresight
(B) Recklessness is subjective foresight of risk
(C) Recklessness is morally irrelevant
(D) Negligence is intentional
59. Which is a consequence of omissions liability?
(A) D may be liable if he has a legal duty and fails to act
(B) D is liable for moral failures
(C) D is liable for all omissions
(D) D is never liable
60. Causation is irrelevant in:
(A) Result crimes
(B) Conduct crimes
(C) Murder
(D) Manslaughter