1. Industrial biotechnology primarily involves:
(A) Only chemical synthesis of drugs
(B) Use of microorganisms and enzymes for industrial processes
(C) Mechanical engineering of machines
(D) Nuclear energy applications
2. Fermentation in industrial biotechnology is mainly used for:
(A) Producing bio-products like alcohol, antibiotics, and enzymes
(B) DNA sequencing
(C) RNA transcription
(D) Lipid digestion
3. Bioreactors are designed to:
(A) Provide controlled environment for microbial growth and product formation
(B) Sequence DNA
(C) Denature proteins
(D) Perform PCR
4. Submerged fermentation is characterized by:
(A) Microorganisms growing in liquid medium
(B) Growth on solid substrate
(C) Growth without water
(D) Growth in gas phase only
5. Solid-state fermentation involves:
(A) Growth of plants
(B) Microbial growth in liquid medium
(C) Microbial growth on solid substrates with minimal free water
(D) Growth of animal cells only
6. Examples of primary metabolites include:
(A) Antibiotics and secondary metabolites
(B) Amino acids, ethanol, organic acids
(C) Vitamins only
(D) DNA only
7. Examples of secondary metabolites include:
(A) Proteins only
(B) Ethanol and lactic acid
(C) Antibiotics, pigments, alkaloids
(D) Glucose only
8. Penicillin production is an example of:
(A) RNA sequencing
(B) Primary metabolite
(C) DNA extraction
(D) Microbial secondary metabolite
9. Amylases used in detergent industry are produced by:
(A) Bacillus species
(B) E. coli
(C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(D) Aspergillus niger only
10. Citric acid for industrial use is produced by:
(A) Aspergillus niger
(B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(C) E. coli
(D) Bacillus subtilis
11. Lactic acid production in industry is primarily done by:
(A) E. coli
(B) Bacillus species
(C) Aspergillus species
(D) Lactobacillus species
12. Industrial ethanol is produced mainly by:
(A) Chemical synthesis from glucose
(B) Bacterial oxidation of fats
(C) Yeast fermentation of sugars
(D) Protein degradation
13. Antibiotics are classified as:
(A) Enzymes
(B) Primary metabolites
(C) Secondary metabolites of microorganisms
(D) Vitamins
14. Biopesticides in agriculture are produced by:
(A) Inorganic fertilizers
(B) Synthetic chemicals only
(C) Heavy metals
(D) Microorganisms or plant-derived compounds
15. Industrial enzyme immobilization helps to:
(A) Produce RNA
(B) Denature enzymes
(C) Sequence DNA
(D) Reuse enzymes and increase stability
16. Glucose oxidase used in food industry is produced by:
(A) E. coli only
(B) Saccharomyces only
(C) Bacillus only
(D) Aspergillus and Penicillium species
17. Microbial production of vinegar involves:
(A) Oxidation by yeast
(B) Fermentation by Lactobacillus
(C) Oxidation of ethanol by Acetobacter species
(D) Hydrolysis by Bacillus
18. Biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel are produced from:
(A) Petroleum only
(B) Renewable biomass sources using microbial processes
(C) Coal only
(D) Nuclear energy
19. Bioplastics are produced from:
(A) Proteins only
(B) Petrochemicals only
(C) Microbial fermentation of polymers like PHAs
(D) Starch extraction
20. Industrial production of amino acids like glutamic acid is done by:
(A) E. coli
(B) Bacillus subtilis
(C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(D) Corynebacterium glutamicum
21. Industrial vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is produced by:
(A) Ashbya gossypii
(B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(C) Bacillus subtilis
(D) Penicillium chrysogenum
22. Industrial production of citric acid involves:
(A) Yeast fermentation of ethanol
(B) Solid-state fermentation only
(C) Chemical oxidation of glucose
(D) Submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger
23. Beer and wine are produced by:
(A) Lactic acid fermentation
(B) Alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(C) Acetic acid fermentation
(D) Citric acid fermentation
24. Industrial production of lactic acid uses:
(A) Bacillus species
(B) Saccharomyces species
(C) Aspergillus species
(D) Lactobacillus species
25. Industrial xylanases are used in:
(A) Paper and pulp industry
(B) Alcohol production
(C) Antibiotic production
(D) Citric acid production
26. Industrial pectinases are used in:
(A) Antibiotic synthesis
(B) Ethanol fermentation
(C) Fruit juice clarification
(D) Cheese making
27. Industrial proteases are used in:
(A) Citric acid production only
(B) Brewing only
(C) Antibiotic synthesis only
(D) Detergent and leather industries
28. Industrial lipases are applied in:
(A) Detergent, food, and biodiesel industries
(B) Alcohol fermentation only
(C) Antibiotic synthesis only
(D) Citric acid production only
29. Industrial cellulases are used for:
(A) Wine fermentation only
(B) Antibiotic production only
(C) Biofuel production, textile, and food industries
(D) Detergent only
30. Industrial biotechnology uses immobilized cells for:
(A) Denaturing enzymes
(B) Single-use only
(C) Repeated batch operations
(D) DNA extraction
31. Industrial production of amino acids involves:
(A) Chemical synthesis only
(B) Fermentation using specific bacteria under optimized conditions
(C) Solid-state fermentation only
(D) Plant extraction only
32. Bioremediation uses:
(A) Chemical solvents only
(B) Microorganisms to clean pollutants
(C) Heavy metals only
(D) Enzymes only
33. Industrial antibiotics are produced mainly by:
(A) Yeast only
(B) Bacillus species only
(C) E. coli only
(D) Streptomyces species
34. Industrial scale fermentation is monitored for:
(A) Protein folding only
(B) DNA sequence only
(C) RNA only
(D) pH, temperature, oxygen, nutrient concentration
35. Industrial bioreactors can operate in:
(A) Only batch mode
(B) Batch, fed-batch, or continuous modes
(C) Only continuous mode
(D) Only solid-state mode
36. Secondary metabolites are produced:
(A) During exponential growth phase
(B) During stationary phase of microbial growth
(C) During lag phase
(D) Only after death of microbes
37. Industrial production of antibiotics often involves:
(A) Optimization of nutrient media and growth conditions
(B) Random fermentation
(C) Only chemical synthesis
(D) Solid waste treatment only
38. Industrial bioconversion of starch to glucose uses:
(A) Proteases
(B) Amylases
(C) Lipases
(D) Xylanases
39. Industrial ethanol production uses:
(A) Bacillus fermentation
(B) Lactobacillus fermentation
(C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation
(D) Aspergillus fermentation
40. Bioethanol can be produced from:
(A) Only algae
(B) Only petroleum
(C) Sugarcane, corn, and lignocellulosic biomass
(D) Only fungi
41. Industrial citric acid production is an example of:
(A) Submerged fermentation using fungi
(B) Alcoholic fermentation only
(C) Lactic acid fermentation
(D) Proteolytic fermentation
42. Immobilized enzymes are used to:
(A) Sequence RNA
(B) Denature substrates
(C) Produce DNA
(D) Improve enzyme stability and allow reuse in industrial processes
43. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are:
(A) Biodegradable plastics produced by microbial fermentation
(B) Synthetic plastics only
(C) Lipids
(D) Proteins
44. Industrial biotechnology helps in:
(A) Producing non-biodegradable plastics
(B) Increasing fossil fuel usage
(C) Reducing environmental pollution
(D) None of the above
45. Industrial production of amino acids like lysine is done using:
(A) Corynebacterium glutamicum
(B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(C) Bacillus subtilis
(D) Penicillium species
46. Industrial enzyme lactase is used in:
(A) Antibiotic synthesis
(B) Alcohol production only
(C) Citric acid production only
(D) Dairy industry to produce lactose-free milk
47. Industrial xylitol production involves:
(A) Microbial fermentation of xylose
(B) Chemical oxidation only
(C) Alcohol fermentation
(D) Citric acid fermentation
48. Industrial biotechnology applications include:
(A) Food, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and bioremediation
(B) Only food processing
(C) Only pharmaceuticals
(D) Only DNA sequencing
49. Biotransformation in industry refers to:
(A) Protein degradation
(B) DNA sequencing
(C) RNA transcription
(D) Chemical modification of compounds using microorganisms or enzymes
50. Industrial enzymes are preferred over chemical catalysts because:
(A) They are specific, work under mild conditions, and are biodegradable
(B) They are cheaper than water
(C) They require high temperature and pressure
(D) They produce toxic by-products