1. Which test is used to determine criminal insanity?
(A) Woollin test
(B) M’Naghten rules
(C) Reasonable person test
(D) Strict liability test
2. Under the M’Naghten rules, a person is insane if:
(A) They do not know the nature and quality of the act, or do not know it was wrong
(B) They cannot form any intention
(C) They are under duress
(D) They are intoxicated voluntarily
3. Voluntary intoxication is generally:
(A) A defence to all crimes
(B) A complete defence to strict liability
(C) A defence to murder
(D) A defence only to crimes requiring specific intent
4. If a person is suffering from a mental disorder but understands the nature of the act, they are:
(A) Liable for strict liability only
(B) Automatically acquitted
(C) Not criminally insane
(D) Only liable for omissions
5. Automatism refers to:
(A) Intentional act
(B) Involuntary act due to mental disorder or external factor
(C) Negligent act
(D) Reckless act
6. A genuine mistake of fact is:
(A) A defence if it negates mens rea
(B) Always a defence
(C) Never a defence
(D) Only applies in strict liability cases
7. Mistake of law is:
(A) A general defence
(B) A defence if reasonable
(C) Never a defence
(D) Only for strict liability
8. Believing property is yours when taking it is:
(A) Theft
(B) Duress
(C) Strict liability
(D) Not theft due to mistake of fact
9. Ignorance of law:
(A) Excuses criminal liability
(B) Always reduces punishment
(C) Only works in strict liability
(D) Is irrelevant
10. Mistake must be:
(A) Only honest
(B) Honest and reasonable
(C) Only reasonable
(D) Both irrelevant
11. An accident occurs when:
(A) There is intent but no result
(B) There is recklessness
(C) There is no mens rea and actus reus occurs involuntarily
(D) There is strict liability
12. Accident is a defence because:
(A) It negates actus reus
(B) It negates mens rea
(C) Both A and B
(D) Only works in strict liability offences
13. Shooting a person accidentally without negligence is:
(A) Murder
(B) Manslaughter
(C) Defence by accident
(D) Strict liability
14. For accident to succeed as a defence, the act must be:
(A) Intentional
(B) Involuntary and without negligence
(C) Reckless
(D) Strictly liable
15. If death occurs by unforeseeable accident, D is:
(A) Liable
(B) Strictly liable
(C) Not liable
(D) Only liable under duress
16. Necessity is a defence when:
(A) D is insane
(B) D acts under duress
(C) D commits a crime to prevent greater harm
(D) D is intoxicated
17. Necessity differs from duress because:
(A) Duress involves threat from another person
(B) Necessity involves moral choice
(C) Duress never excuses liability
(D) Both are identical
18. Stealing food to save life may be excused under:
(A) Necessity
(B) Insanity
(C) Strict liability
(D) Recklessness
19. In necessity, harm caused must be:
(A) Greater than harm avoided
(B) Strictly intentional
(C) Irrelevant
(D) Less than harm avoided
20. Which is a requirement of necessity?
(A) No reasonable alternative
(B) D is negligent
(C) D intended harm
(D) Mens rea present
21. Acts done under lawful authority are:
(A) Always offences
(B) Not offences
(C) Strict liability only
(D) Never recognised
22. Consent is a defence in:
(A) Murder
(B) Bodily harm in sports or medical procedures
(C) Theft
(D) Strict liability offences
23. Police using force within authority:
(A) Can be criminally liable
(B) Depends on intoxication
(C) Always liable
(D) Exempt under lawful authority
24. Consent must be:
(A) Only verbal
(B) Only implied
(C) Informed and voluntary
(D) Optional
25. Acts done under parental authority are:
(A) Always unlawful
(B) Always excused
(C) Strictly liable
(D) Recognised as lawful unless excessive
26. Children under 7 are:
(A) Fully liable
(B) Presumed incapable of crime (doli incapax)
(C) Strictly liable
(D) Liable for strict liability only
27. Children aged 7–14:
(A) Always liable
(B) Strictly liable
(C) Presumed incapable but presumption rebuttable
(D) Fully excused
28. Infancy defence is based on:
(A) Strict liability
(B) Actus reus inability
(C) Mens rea inability
(D) Duress
29. A 6-year-old accidentally hitting someone:
(A) Can be prosecuted
(B) Strictly liable
(C) Cannot be prosecuted
(D) Excusable only under duress
30. The term doli incapax refers to:
(A) Full criminal responsibility
(B) Strict liability
(C) Lawful authority
(D) Presumed incapacity of young children to form mens rea
31. Duress is a defence when:
(A) D commits crime under threat of death or serious injury
(B) D is negligent
(C) D is intoxicated
(D) D intends crime
32. Duress cannot be used as a defence for:
(A) Theft
(B) Robbery
(C) Murder
(D) Bodily harm
33. Threat must be:
(A) Strictly legal
(B) Possible in future
(C) Moral only
(D) Real and imminent
34. Voluntary exposure to threat:
(A) Allows duress
(B) Only mitigates punishment
(C) Always excused
(D) Does not allow duress
35. Duress negates:
(A) Actus reus
(B) Strict liability
(C) Mens rea
(D) Moral blame only
36. Accident, necessity, lawful authority, and consent are:
(A) Specific defences
(B) Ignored in court
(C) Strict liability defences
(D) General exceptions
37. If D acts under an honest and reasonable mistake of fact, he may:
(A) Be convicted
(B) Be fully excused
(C) Only liable under strict liability
(D) Automatically insane
38. General exceptions can be applied:
(A) Only to murder
(B) To all offences unless statute excludes
(C) Only to strict liability
(D) Only to omissions
39. Necessity and duress differ mainly in:
(A) Mens rea required
(B) Type of threat
(C) Actus reus required
(D) Strict liability
40. Which is not a general exception?
(A) Strict liability
(B) Accident
(C) Mistake of fact
(D) Infancy