1. : What is the main focus of food toxicology?
(A) The study of nutrients in food
(B) The study of harmful substances in food
(C) The study of food additives
(D) The study of digestion
2. : Aflatoxin B1 is mainly produced by which microorganism?
(A) Claviceps purpurea
(B) Penicillium notatum
(C) Aspergillus flavus
(D) Fusarium moniliforme
3. : Which organ is primarily affected by aflatoxins?
(A) Lungs
(B) Kidney
(C) Liver
(D) Heart
4. : Botulinum toxin is a:
(A) Cytotoxin
(B) Neurotoxin
(C) Cardiotoxin
(D) Enterotoxin
5. : The most toxic natural substance known is:
(A) Ricin
(B) Aflatoxin
(C) Botulinum toxin
(D) Tetrodotoxin
6. : LD₅₀ represents:
(A) Dose lethal to 50% of test animals
(B) Minimum inhibitory dose
(C) Average effective dose
(D) Maximum safe dose
7. : Cyanogenic glycosides release which toxic gas?
(A) Ammonia
(B) Hydrogen cyanide
(C) Carbon monoxide
(D) Sulfur dioxide
8. : Solanine is a naturally occurring toxin found in:
(A) Wheat
(B) Apples
(C) Green potatoes
(D) Corn
9. : Ergotism is caused by toxins from:
(A) Aspergillus flavus
(B) Claviceps purpurea
(C) Penicillium roqueforti
(D) Fusarium graminearum
10. : The process by which the body removes or neutralizes toxins is called:
(A) Detoxification
(B) Toxification
(C) Filtration
(D) Excretion
11. : Nitrosamines are formed by reaction of nitrites with:
(A) Amines
(B) Sugars
(C) Fats
(D) Proteins
12. : Which toxin is associated with moldy apples?
(A) Zearalenone
(B) Patulin
(C) Fumonisin
(D) Ochratoxin
13. : Fumonisins are produced by:
(A) Fusarium species
(B) Aspergillus species
(C) Penicillium species
(D) Claviceps species
14. : Acute toxicity refers to effects that occur:
(A) After short-term exposure
(B) After long-term exposure
(C) After several years
(D) After generation changes
15. : Chronic toxicity results from:
(A) A single large dose
(B) Repeated exposure to small doses
(C) Poor nutrition
(D) Lack of oxygen
16. : The main target organ of cadmium toxicity is:
(A) Brain
(B) Kidney
(C) Heart
(D) Lungs
17. : Mercury poisoning through fish is due to:
(A) Methylmercury
(B) Ethylmercury
(C) Mercuric oxide
(D) Inorganic mercury
18. : Ricin is obtained from:
(A) Castor beans
(B) Soybeans
(C) Almonds
(D) Wheat germ
19. : The process of toxin accumulation in tissues is called:
(A) Neutralization
(B) Bioaccumulation
(C) Oxidation
(D) Filtration
20. : Histamine poisoning is most commonly linked with:
(A) Spoiled fish
(B) Old cheese
(C) Moldy bread
(D) Rancid oils
21. : The main detoxifying organ in the body is:
(A) Brain
(B) Liver
(C) Kidney
(D) Lungs
22. : Zearalenone causes:
(A) Estrogenic effects
(B) Liver necrosis
(C) Kidney stones
(D) Neurotoxicity
23. : Goitrogens interfere with:
(A) Iodine metabolism
(B) Iron absorption
(C) Vitamin C synthesis
(D) Calcium balance
24. : The enzyme family responsible for detoxification of xenobiotics is:
(A) Catalase
(B) Protease
(C) Cytochrome P450
(D) Amylase
25. : Which of the following is a neurotoxin found in puffer fish?
(A) Ricin
(B) Tetrodotoxin
(C) Aflatoxin
(D) Ochratoxin
26. : Dioxins are produced mainly during:
(A) Waste incineration
(B) Pasteurization
(C) Baking
(D) Boiling
27. : The toxic compound in Lathyrus sativus is:
(A) β-ODAP
(B) Aflatoxin
(C) Ricin
(D) Solanine
28. : Food additive safety is assessed through:
(A) Toxicological evaluation
(B) Nutritional test
(C) Shelf-life study
(D) Sensory evaluation
29. : Mutagens are substances that:
(A) Cause genetic mutations
(B) Cause allergies
(C) Cause infection
(D) Prevent oxidation
30. : The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is measured in:
(A) mg/kg body weight/day
(B) g per day
(C) mg per serving
(D) µg per ml
31. : Mycotoxins are produced by:
(A) Bacteria
(B) Viruses
(C) Molds
(D) Yeasts
32. : The term “xenobiotic” refers to:
(A) Foreign chemical in the body
(B) Natural hormone
(C) Enzyme
(D) Vitamin
33. : The main toxic compound in cassava is:
(A) Hydrogen cyanide
(B) Solanine
(C) Patulin
(D) Erucic acid
34. : Lead poisoning mainly affects:
(A) Nervous system
(B) Muscular system
(C) Digestive system
(D) Reproductive system
35. : Oxalates are naturally found in:
(A) Cucumber
(B) Spinach
(C) Mango
(D) Apple
36. : What term is used for compounds causing birth defects?
(A) Teratogens
(B) Mutagens
(C) Carcinogens
(D) Pathogens
37. : Carcinogens are substances that:
(A) Cause cancer
(B) Cause infection
(C) Improve metabolism
(D) Kill parasites
38. : Organophosphate pesticides act by:
(A) Inhibiting cholinesterase
(B) Enhancing serotonin
(C) Stimulating acetylcholine
(D) Blocking dopamine
39. : Which mycotoxin mainly affects the kidneys?
(A) Zearalenone
(B) Ochratoxin A
(C) Fumonisin
(D) Aflatoxin G1
40. : Chronic arsenic exposure causes:
(A) Skin lesions
(B) Tooth decay
(C) Bone fracture
(D) Eye irritation
41. : Melamine adulteration in milk causes damage to:
(A) Kidneys
(B) Liver
(C) Lungs
(D) Heart
42. : Food allergens cause reactions due to:
(A) Immune response
(B) Chemical reaction
(C) Enzyme deficiency
(D) Poor digestion
43. : The chemical that causes blue baby syndrome is:
(A) Sulfite
(B) Nitrate
(C) Phosphate
(D) Fluoride
44. : Long-term exposure to dioxins may lead to:
(A) Cancer
(B) Obesity
(C) Cataracts
(D) Dehydration
45. : Food contact materials are evaluated for:
(A) Migration of toxic substances
(B) Odor stability
(C) Taste consistency
(D) Elasticity
46. : The toxic compound in raw kidney beans is:
(A) Solanine
(B) Phytohemagglutinin
(C) Ricin
(D) Aflatoxin
47. : The main type of toxicity due to alcohol is:
(A) Hepatotoxicity
(B) Nephrotoxicity
(C) Neurotoxicity
(D) Cardiotoxicity
48. : The primary symptom of cyanide poisoning is:
(A) Cellular hypoxia
(B) Diarrhea
(C) Fever
(D) Vomiting
49. : A toxin that affects nerve cells is known as:
(A) Neurotoxin
(B) Hemotoxin
(C) Cytotoxin
(D) Enterotoxin
50. : The best way to prevent foodborne toxicity is:
(A) Proper food handling and storage
(B) Adding sugar to food
(C) Storing at room temperature
(D) Using more salt