1. : Which part of the Earth is divided into tectonic plates?
(A) Crust
(B) Outer Core
(C) Mantle
(D) Inner Core
2. : The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of which type of plate boundary?
(A) Divergent
(B) Convergent
(C) Transform
(D) Subduction
3. : Which scale measures the intensity of earthquakes based on observed damage?
(A) Richter Scale
(B) Mercalli Scale
(C) Beaufort Scale
(D) Mohs Scale
4. : Tsunamis are usually triggered by:
(A) Earthquakes under the sea
(B) Windstorms
(C) Glacial melting
(D) Heavy rainfall
5. : The Pacific Ring of Fire is famous for:
(A) Earthquakes and volcanoes
(B) Sand dunes and deserts
(C) Hurricanes
(D) Tsunamis only
6. : Which type of volcano is the largest in size?
(A) Shield volcano
(B) Cinder cone
(C) Composite cone
(D) Dome volcano
7. : The Himalayas were formed due to the collision of which plates?
(A) Pacific and Eurasian
(B) Indian and Eurasian
(C) African and Arabian
(D) North American and Pacific
8. : Soil liquefaction is commonly associated with:
(A) Flooding
(B) Earthquakes
(C) Landslides
(D) Volcanoes
9. : Which of the following rocks is most likely to form in a river delta?
(A) Basalt
(B) Limestone
(C) Shale
(D) Granite
10. : The study of groundwater is called:
(A) Seismology
(B) Hydrology
(C) Hydrogeology
(D) Petrology
11. : Which mineral is most resistant to weathering?
(A) Quartz
(B) Calcite
(C) Feldspar
(D) Mica
12. : Which natural hazard is caused by rapid downslope movement of rock and soil?
(A) Earthquake
(B) Tsunami
(C) Landslide
(D) Flood
13. : Which gas is most commonly emitted by volcanic eruptions?
(A) Carbon monoxide
(B) Methane
(C) Sulfur dioxide
(D) Carbon dioxide
14. : Which process converts sediments into sedimentary rock?
(A) Melting
(B) Lithification
(C) Crystallization
(D) Metamorphism
15. : Which type of boundary is associated with seafloor spreading?
(A) Divergent
(B) Convergent
(C) Transform
(D) Overthrust
16. : A natural depression on Earth’s surface formed by collapse is called a:
(A) Crater
(B) Sinkhole
(C) Caldera
(D) Basin
17. : What is the approximate age of the Earth?
(A) 2.5 billion years
(B) 3.5 billion years
(C) 4.5 billion years
(D) 5.5 billion years
18. : Which instrument is used to detect and record earthquakes?
(A) Barometer
(B) Seismograph
(C) Hygrometer
(D) Gravimeter
19. : Which geological hazard is linked with heavy rainfall and steep slopes?
(A) Tsunami
(B) Avalanche
(C) Landslide
(D) Earthquake
20. : The deepest part of the Earth is the:
(A) Crust
(B) Mantle
(C) Outer Core
(D) Inner Core
21. : Which rock type forms when magma cools and solidifies?
(A) Igneous
(B) Sedimentary
(C) Metamorphic
(D) Fossiliferous
22. : Karst topography is most commonly associated with which rock type?
(A) Granite
(B) Limestone
(C) Basalt
(D) Shale
23. : Earthquakes generate three main types of waves. Which are the fastest?
(A) Surface waves
(B) Primary waves (P-waves)
(C) Secondary waves (S-waves)
(D) Tsunami waves
24. : Which event is considered the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history?
(A) Mount Vesuvius, 79 AD
(B) Krakatoa, 1883
(C) Mount St. Helens, 1980
(D) Mount Tambora, 1815
25. : The Richter scale is:
(A) Logarithmic
(B) Linear
(C) Arithmetic
(D) Geometric
26. : Which natural disaster caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?
(A) Earthquake
(B) Cyclone
(C) Volcanic eruption
(D) Landslide
27. : Which part of Earth’s structure is liquid and generates the magnetic field?
(A) Inner Core
(B) Crust
(C) Outer Core
(D) Mantle
28. : Which type of volcano has explosive eruptions with steep slopes?
(A) Cinder cone
(B) Shield volcano
(C) Composite volcano
(D) Lava dome
29. : Which type of rock is formed under extreme heat and pressure?
(A) Igneous
(B) Metamorphic
(C) Sedimentary
(D) Volcanic
30. : Which is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?
(A) Iron
(B) Oxygen
(C) Silicon
(D) Aluminum
31. : Which type of boundary creates mountain ranges like the Andes?
(A) Divergent
(B) Transform
(C) Convergent (ocean-continent)
(D) Hotspot
32. : Which process leads to the breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions?
(A) Physical weathering
(B) Erosion
(C) Chemical weathering
(D) Deposition
33. : The energy point inside Earth where an earthquake originates is called the:
(A) Epicenter
(B) Focus (Hypocenter)
(C) Crater
(D) Fault line
34. : What type of volcanic hazard consists of fast-moving hot gas and rock?
(A) Lava flow
(B) Pyroclastic flow
(C) Ash cloud
(D) Lahar
35. : The Yellowstone Caldera in the USA is an example of a:
(A) Shield volcano
(B) Supervolcano
(C) Dome volcano
(D) Cinder cone
36. : Which type of rock can contain fossils?
(A) Igneous
(B) Sedimentary
(C) Metamorphic
(D) Volcanic
37. : Earth’s lithosphere includes:
(A) Mantle and Core
(B) Crust and upper Mantle
(C) Outer Core and Inner Core
(D) Crust only
38. : Which mountain range is still growing due to tectonic collision?
(A) Himalayas
(B) Appalachians
(C) Urals
(D) Alps
39. : Which type of lava flow is thick and slow-moving?
(A) Aa lava
(B) Pahoehoe lava
(C) Rhyolitic lava
(D) Basaltic lava
40. : Which natural hazard is most common in delta regions?
(A) Volcanic eruption
(B) Flooding
(C) Earthquake
(D) Drought
41. : The process of rock fragments being transported by wind, water, or ice is:
(A) Weathering
(B) Deposition
(C) Erosion
(D) Lithification
42. : What is the main cause of acid rain?
(A) Carbon dioxide
(B) Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
(C) Methane
(D) Ozone depletion
43. : Which mineral is used to measure hardness 10 on Mohs scale?
(A) Quartz
(B) Diamond
(C) Corundum
(D) Topaz
44. : Which tectonic setting is Hawaii an example of?
(A) Divergent boundary
(B) Convergent boundary
(C) Hotspot volcanism
(D) Transform boundary
45. : Which type of metamorphism occurs due to heat from magma intrusions?
(A) Regional metamorphism
(B) Contact metamorphism
(C) Burial metamorphism
(D) Hydrothermal metamorphism
46. : Which natural hazard can be triggered by both earthquakes and volcanoes?
(A) Landslides
(B) Hurricanes
(C) Tornadoes
(D) Drought
47. : Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource?
(A) Groundwater
(B) Coal
(C) Solar energy
(D) Wind
48. : The Cascadia Subduction Zone is located along the coast of:
(A) South America
(B) Japan
(C) North America (Pacific Northwest)
(D) Europe
49. : Which is the slowest type of seismic wave but most destructive?
(A) P-waves
(B) S-waves
(C) Surface waves
(D) Body waves
50. : Which natural disaster is studied using volcanology?
(A) Floods
(B) Earthquakes
(C) Volcanoes
(D) Hurricanes