1. Environmental biotechnology primarily focuses on:
(A) Gene cloning in humans
(B) Producing antibiotics only
(C) Using biological systems to solve environmental problems
(D) Industrial enzyme production
2. Bioremediation is:
(A) The use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants
(B) Production of antibiotics
(C) Industrial fermentation of ethanol
(D) DNA sequencing
3. Phytoremediation involves:
(A) Using fungi to produce enzymes
(B) Using plants to remove, degrade, or stabilize pollutants
(C) Fermentation of sugars
(D) Protein synthesis
4. Bioaugmentation refers to:
(A) Using plants for soil enrichment
(B) Adding specific microorganisms to polluted sites to accelerate biodegradation
(C) DNA sequencing
(D) Antibiotic production
5. Bioventing is a technique to:
(A) Enhance microbial degradation of contaminants in unsaturated soils
(B) Produce biofuels
(C) Extract DNA
(D) Purify enzymes
6. Composting is:
(A) Chemical oxidation of waste
(B) Microbial decomposition of organic waste to produce nutrient-rich compost
(C) Production of ethanol
(D) Protein degradation
7. Anaerobic digestion produces:
(A) Oxygen from water
(B) Biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) from organic waste
(C) Citric acid from glucose
(D) Proteins from amino acids
8. Biogas mainly consists of:
(A) Carbon monoxide only
(B) Oxygen and nitrogen
(C) Hydrogen only
(D) Methane and carbon dioxide
9. Microbial fuel cells generate:
(A) Antibiotics
(B) Electricity from microbial metabolism
(C) Ethanol
(D) Citric acid
10. Biofilters are used to:
(A) Sequence DNA
(B) Remove pollutants from air or water using microorganisms
(C) Produce enzymes
(D) Ferment sugars
11. Heavy metal contamination can be reduced by:
(A) Microbial biosorption or phytoremediation
(B) Alcohol fermentation
(C) Protein synthesis
(D) Industrial oxidation
12. Biosorption involves:
(A) Alcohol production
(B) Active DNA synthesis
(C) Protein degradation
(D) Passive binding of heavy metals by microbial biomass
13. Biodegradable plastics like PHAs are:
(A) Petrochemical plastics
(B) Produced by microorganisms to reduce plastic pollution
(C) Synthetic polymers only
(D) Metals
14. Oil spills can be treated by:
(A) Algae only
(B) Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria
(C) Plants only
(D) Enzymes only
15. White rot fungi are used in environmental biotechnology for:
(A) Alcohol fermentation
(B) Producing antibiotics
(C) Degrading lignin and pollutants in soil and water
(D) Citric acid production
16. Biodegradation is faster for:
(A) Proteins than sugars
(B) Metals than organic compounds
(C) Simple organic compounds than complex compounds
(D) Lipids than cellulose
17. Environmental biotechnology contributes to:
(A) Only industrial enzyme production
(B) Waste management and pollution control
(C) DNA sequencing only
(D) Protein synthesis only
18. Bioleaching is used to:
(A) Produce biofuels
(B) Extract metals from ores using microorganisms
(C) Ferment alcohol
(D) Compost organic waste
19. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is used for:
(A) Protein production
(B) Producing antibiotics
(C) Alcohol fermentation
(D) Bioleaching of metals like copper and gold
20. Microbial consortia are important in:
(A) Protein denaturation
(B) Single-gene cloning
(C) DNA sequencing
(D) Biodegradation of complex pollutants
21. Landfills can be made safer by:
(A) Physical compaction only
(B) Chemical oxidation only
(C) Burning waste only
(D) Biodegradation of organic waste and leachate treatment
22. Environmental biotechnology helps in removing:
(A) Only proteins
(B) Only sugars
(C) Organic pollutants, heavy metals, and xenobiotics
(D) Only lipids
23. Xenobiotics are:
(A) Enzymes
(B) Natural sugars
(C) Proteins
(D) Synthetic or foreign chemical compounds not naturally found in nature
24. Industrial effluents can be treated using:
(A) DNA sequencing
(B) Microbial degradation or enzymatic treatment
(C) Alcohol fermentation
(D) Protein denaturation
25. Bioventing mainly enhances:
(A) Antibiotic production
(B) Fermentation
(C) Oxygen supply to soil to stimulate aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons
(D) DNA synthesis
26. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms:
(A) Ferment alcohol
(B) Produce antibiotics
(C) Help in biodegradation of hydrophobic pollutants
(D) Denature proteins
27. Environmental biotechnology uses microorganisms to remove:
(A) Phenols, dyes, pesticides, and heavy metals
(B) Only DNA
(C) Proteins only
(D) Carbohydrates only
28. Microbial mats in wetlands help in:
(A) Citric acid production
(B) Producing antibiotics
(C) Alcohol fermentation
(D) Degrading organic pollutants naturally
29. Phytoextraction refers to:
(A) RNA sequencing
(B) DNA extraction
(C) Uptake of metals from soil by plants for removal
(D) Protein purification
30. Phytostabilization involves:
(A) Alcohol production
(B) Fermentation
(C) DNA synthesis
(D) Using plants to immobilize pollutants in soil
31. Biodegradable detergents are preferred because:
(A) They are synthetic only
(B) They are toxic
(C) They produce heavy metals
(D) They reduce water pollution
32. Microbial degradation of dyes in textile industry effluents is done by:
(A) Yeast only
(B) White rot fungi and bacteria
(C) Bacillus only
(D) Penicillium only
33. Sewage treatment involves:
(A) Chemical oxidation only
(B) Microbial decomposition of organic matter
(C) Burning sewage
(D) DNA extraction
34. Anaerobic sludge digesters produce:
(A) Oxygen only
(B) Methane-rich biogas
(C) Citric acid
(D) Proteins
35. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is enhanced by:
(A) Protein denaturation
(B) DNA sequencing
(C) RNA transcription
(D) Nutrient addition and aeration
36. Environmental biotechnology helps in:
(A) Protein denaturation only
(B) Producing non-biodegradable plastics only
(C) DNA sequencing only
(D) Sustainable management of natural resources
37. Biosensors in environmental biotechnology are used for:
(A) Detection of pollutants and toxins
(B) DNA sequencing
(C) Alcohol production
(D) Citric acid production
38. Heavy metal-resistant bacteria are used for:
(A) Alcohol fermentation
(B) Bioremediation of contaminated soils and water
(C) Antibiotic production only
(D) Citric acid production only
39. Bioreactors for environmental biotechnology are used to:
(A) Sequence DNA only
(B) Treat industrial effluents and produce biogas
(C) Produce proteins only
(D) Denature enzymes
40. Microbial degradation of chlorinated compounds requires:
(A) Specialized bacteria capable of dehalogenation
(B) Yeast only
(C) Fungi only
(D) Bacillus only
41. Environmental biotechnology contributes to:
(A) Pollution control, waste management, and renewable energy production
(B) Only DNA sequencing
(C) Only protein synthesis
(D) Only industrial fermentation
42. Biofilters in wastewater treatment remove:
(A) Sugars only
(B) Heavy metals only
(C) Organic pollutants and odor
(D) Proteins only
43. Microbial consortia are preferred in bioremediation because:
(A) They denature proteins
(B) Single species are always better
(C) They produce ethanol
(D) They degrade complex mixtures of pollutants more efficiently
44. Bioremediation can be applied to:
(A) Plants only
(B) Air only
(C) Soil, water, and sediments
(D) DNA only
45. Environmental biotechnology reduces:
(A) Protein degradation only
(B) Only DNA synthesis
(C) Environmental pollution and enhances ecosystem sustainability
(D) Industrial production only
46. Xenobiotic-degrading enzymes include:
(A) Amylases only
(B) Proteases only
(C) Laccases, peroxidases, and oxygenases
(D) Lipases only
47. Environmental biotechnology is important for:
(A) DNA sequencing only
(B) Renewable energy, pollution control, and sustainable development
(C) Antibiotic production only
(D) Industrial enzyme production only
48. Bioremediation is preferred over chemical methods because:
(A) It is slower and expensive
(B) It produces toxic by-products
(C) It is eco-friendly and cost-effective
(D) It uses heavy metals
49. Phytofiltration is a method to:
(A) Produce antibiotics
(B) Ferment sugar into ethanol
(C) Sequence DNA
(D) Remove pollutants from water using plants
50. Industrial effluent treatment using microbes is an example of:
(A) DNA sequencing
(B) Environmental biotechnology application
(C) Protein denaturation
(D) Alcohol fermentation