1. : Environmental biotechnology is mainly concerned with:
(A) Studying stars and planets
(B) Using biological systems for environmental protection
(C) Building nuclear weapons
(D) Increasing fossil fuel extraction
2. : The use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments is called:
(A) Bioremediation
(B) Biomagnification
(C) Biodegradation
(D) Biosynthesis
3. : Which of the following is an in-situ bioremediation method?
(A) Bioreactors
(B) Composting soil elsewhere
(C) Treating contaminants directly at the site
(D) Pump-and-treat technology
4. : Phytoremediation uses:
(A) Fungi
(B) Plants
(C) Bacteria
(D) Viruses
5. : Which gas is produced during anaerobic digestion of organic waste?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Carbon dioxide
(C) Methane
(D) Nitrous oxide
6. : The activated sludge process is commonly used in:
(A) Solid waste management
(B) Air pollution control
(C) Wastewater treatment
(D) Forest management
7. : Zoogloea ramigera is important in wastewater treatment because it:
(A) Produces methane
(B) Forms flocs
(C) Fixes nitrogen
(D) Degrades plastics
8. : Which of the following is an example of ex-situ bioremediation?
(A) Land farming
(B) Bioreactor treatment of excavated soil
(C) Phytoremediation
(D) Natural attenuation
9. : The process of using genetically engineered microbes to break down pollutants is called:
(A) Bioaugmentation
(B) Genetic bioremediation
(C) Biostimulation
(D) Biosorption
10. : White-rot fungi are known to degrade:
(A) Lignin and recalcitrant pollutants
(B) Plastics
(C) Metals
(D) Proteins only
11. : Which of the following is used for heavy metal removal from wastewater?
(A) Biosorption
(B) Evaporation
(C) Chlorination
(D) Filtration only
12. : The microbe Pseudomonas putida is famous for degrading:
(A) Hydrocarbons
(B) Nitrogen
(C) Methane
(D) Plastics
13. : Which of the following describes bioleaching?
(A) Removing plastics with enzymes
(B) Using microbes to extract metals from ores
(C) Composting food waste
(D) Treating sewage sludge
14. : Vermicomposting uses:
(A) Fungi
(B) Earthworms
(C) Algae
(D) Bacteria only
15. : Which of the following is a renewable energy product of environmental biotechnology?
(A) Coal
(B) Biogas
(C) Crude oil
(D) Diesel
16. : Biosensors in environmental biotechnology are used for:
(A) Detecting pollutants
(B) Enhancing plant growth
(C) Generating electricity
(D) Killing pests
17. : The process of adding nutrients to stimulate native microbial activity is called:
(A) Biostimulation
(B) Bioaugmentation
(C) Biotransformation
(D) Biomining
18. : The process of adding specialized microbes to polluted sites is called:
(A) Biostimulation
(B) Bioaugmentation
(C) Biodegradation
(D) Bioleaching
19. : Which of the following is a limitation of bioremediation?
(A) Eco-friendly process
(B) Site-specific and slow
(C) Uses natural microbes
(D) Reduces pollutants
20. : Algal biotechnology is often applied in:
(A) Biofuel production and wastewater treatment
(B) Nuclear energy
(C) Airplane fuel
(D) Soil erosion prevention only
21. : Bioplastics are produced from:
(A) Petroleum
(B) Renewable biomass sources
(C) Coal
(D) Nuclear energy
22. : Which of the following is an example of phytoremediation?
(A) Sunflowers absorbing heavy metals
(B) Microbes degrading oil spills
(C) Worms composting organic waste
(D) Fungi decomposing lignin
23. : What does C in CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor) stand for?
(A) Closed
(B) Continuous
(C) Circular
(D) Controlled
24. : Bioreactors in environmental biotechnology are mainly used for:
(A) Controlling industrial emissions
(B) Ex-situ treatment of wastes
(C) Weather forecasting
(D) Radioactive waste storage
25. : Biochar is used in environmental biotechnology for:
(A) Soil amendment and carbon sequestration
(B) Producing plastics
(C) Enhancing fossil fuels
(D) Water desalination
26. : Which of the following is an advantage of bioremediation?
(A) Destructive to ecosystems
(B) Non-sustainable
(C) Cost-effective and eco-friendly
(D) Increases pollution
27. : The use of enzymes for breaking down pollutants is known as:
(A) Biocatalysis
(B) Biostimulation
(C) Bioaugmentation
(D) Biodegradation
28. : Biosurfactants produced by microbes help in:
(A) Increasing oil spill degradation
(B) Forming plastics
(C) Enhancing fossil fuel burning
(D) Reducing biodiversity
29. : Which microbe is used in oil spill bioremediation?
(A) Pseudomonas
(B) Lactobacillus
(C) Aspergillus
(D) Saccharomyces
30. : The greenhouse gas captured and used for bioenergy is:
(A) Nitrous oxide
(B) Carbon dioxide
(C) Methane
(D) Oxygen
31. : Which biotechnology process is used for treating acid mine drainage?
(A) Bioleaching
(B) Bioremediation
(C) Biosorption
(D) Phytoremediation
32. : Which microbe is used in methane oxidation?
(A) Methanogens
(B) Methanotrophs
(C) Cyanobacteria
(D) Lactic acid bacteria
33. : Which of the following is an application of genetic engineering in environmental biotechnology?
(A) Oil-degrading bacteria
(B) Nitrogen-fixing crops
(C) Plastic-eating microbes
(D) All of the above
34. : Biosorption uses:
(A) Microbial biomass to bind heavy metals
(B) Worms to compost
(C) Algae to generate oxygen
(D) Plants for photosynthesis
35. : What is the main energy source for microbial fuel cells?
(A) Solar energy
(B) Organic waste
(C) Wind energy
(D) Nuclear energy
36. : Composting is mainly an example of:
(A) In-situ treatment
(B) Ex-situ biological waste treatment
(C) Physical waste treatment
(D) Chemical waste treatment
37. : Which of the following is an example of bioenergy?
(A) Solar energy
(B) Biogas
(C) Coal
(D) Diesel
38. : Environmental biotechnology contributes to reducing:
(A) Renewable energy
(B) Greenhouse gas emissions
(C) Soil fertility
(D) Biodiversity
39. : What is the role of cyanobacteria in wastewater treatment?
(A) Oxygen generation and nutrient removal
(B) Oil degradation
(C) Heavy metal accumulation
(D) Methane production
40. : Biopolishing in textile industry is an application of:
(A) Bioremediation
(B) Enzyme biotechnology
(C) Biosorption
(D) Genetic engineering
41. : Which type of reactor is widely used for anaerobic digestion?
(A) CSTR
(B) UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)
(C) Batch reactor
(D) Fluidized bed reactor
42. : The pollutant PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) can be degraded using:
(A) White-rot fungi
(B) Methanogens
(C) Cyanobacteria
(D) Lactobacillus
43. : The concept of “green technology” in biotechnology refers to:
(A) Using eco-friendly and sustainable biological processes
(B) Increasing fossil fuel usage
(C) Expanding chemical industries
(D) Non-renewable energy
44. : Which heavy metal can be removed by phytoremediation using mustard plants?
(A) Lead
(B) Copper
(C) Zinc
(D) All of the above
45. : Which of the following is a by-product of anaerobic digestion useful as fertilizer?
(A) Compost
(B) Digestate
(C) Plastic
(D) Biosurfactant
46. : Which bacteria are commonly used in nitrification during wastewater treatment?
(A) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
(B) Pseudomonas and Bacillus
(C) Escherichia and Salmonella
(D) Lactobacillus and Clostridium
47. : Microbial consortia in environmental biotechnology means:
(A) Mixed communities of microbes working together
(B) Only a single pure culture
(C) Viruses degrading pollutants
(D) Plants and insects together
48. : Which of the following is a challenge in environmental biotechnology?
(A) Variable site conditions
(B) Slow process
(C) Limited microbial activity in extreme environments
(D) All of the above
49. : Bioindicators in environmental biotechnology are organisms used to:
(A) Indicate pollution levels
(B) Degrade plastics
(C) Increase fossil fuel use
(D) Fix nitrogen only
50. : The ultimate goal of environmental biotechnology is:
(A) Sustainable environmental management
(B) Industrial pollution increase
(C) Rapid fossil fuel extraction
(D) Deforestation