1. : Which technology is most commonly used in Remote Sensing for environmental studies?
(A) Sonar
(B) Radar
(C) Satellites
(D) Drones only
2. : In GIS, the smallest unit of a raster dataset is called:
(A) Polygon
(B) Pixel
(C) Vector
(D) Attribute
3. : Which of the following is a major tool of Environmental Biotechnology?
(A) DNA sequencing
(B) Bioremediation
(C) Composting
(D) All of the above
4. : The main purpose of Industrial Ecology is to:
(A) Increase pollution
(B) Mimic natural ecosystems in industries
(C) Eliminate recycling
(D) Produce more waste
5. : Ecotoxicology primarily studies:
(A) Toxic effects of pollutants on organisms and ecosystems
(B) Forest ecology
(C) Soil fertility
(D) Climate change policies
6. : The concept of “Circular Economy” focuses on:
(A) Linear production and disposal
(B) Waste minimization and resource reuse
(C) Rapid industrialization
(D) Maximizing fossil fuel use
7. : Which of the following is a common method of groundwater remediation?
(A) Pump and treat
(B) Landfilling
(C) Deforestation
(D) Overpumping
8. : The Kyoto Protocol is related to:
(A) Desertification
(B) Greenhouse gas emissions reduction
(C) Ozone hole
(D) Biodiversity conservation
9. : The concept of “Carrying Capacity” in urban planning refers to:
(A) Maximum population that an area can sustain
(B) Number of vehicles a city can hold
(C) Amount of imported food
(D) Maximum rainfall storage
10. : Which disaster is measured using the Richter scale?
(A) Floods
(B) Earthquakes
(C) Hurricanes
(D) Tsunamis
11. : Which UN body monitors climate change globally?
(A) UNEP
(B) UNFCCC
(C) IPCC
(D) UNESCO
12. : The primary cause of ocean acidification is:
(A) Oil spills
(B) Excess CO₂ absorption by oceans
(C) Overfishing
(D) Plastic waste
13. : Which nanomaterial is often used in water purification?
(A) Silver nanoparticles
(B) Iron oxides
(C) Carbon nanotubes
(D) All of the above
14. : The term “Bioremediation” refers to:
(A) Use of plants and microbes to clean pollutants
(B) Use of pesticides in agriculture
(C) Extraction of minerals
(D) Deforestation control
15. : In hydrology, a watershed is defined as:
(A) The area draining into a single river system
(B) A man-made lake
(C) A desert basin
(D) An irrigation canal
16. : Restoration ecology aims to:
(A) Destroy degraded ecosystems
(B) Restore damaged ecosystems to their natural state
(C) Prevent urbanization
(D) Develop industries
17. : Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
(A) Carbon dioxide
(B) Methane
(C) Nitrous oxide
(D) All of the above
18. : Which city is often cited as a global example of sustainable urban planning?
(A) Beijing
(B) Curitiba, Brazil
(C) Karachi
(D) New York
19. : The Montreal Protocol deals with:
(A) Global warming
(B) Ozone layer protection
(C) Air pollution
(D) Soil degradation
20. : Which technique is commonly used for oil spill clean-up?
(A) Dispersants
(B) Skimming
(C) Bioremediation
(D) All of the above
21. : The precautionary principle in environmental law states that:
(A) Action should be taken to prevent harm, even without full scientific certainty
(B) No action is needed until complete evidence exists
(C) Only industries decide safety rules
(D) Environment should not be considered
22. : Which renewable energy source uses photovoltaic cells?
(A) Solar energy
(B) Wind energy
(C) Biomass
(D) Hydropower
23. : A major challenge in urban ecology is:
(A) Habitat fragmentation
(B) Noise pollution
(C) Air pollution
(D) All of the above
24. : Which method is used to estimate population in ecological studies?
(A) Mark and recapture
(B) Quadrat sampling
(C) Transect method
(D) All of the above
25. : The ultimate goal of advanced environmental management is to:
(A) Increase industrialization
(B) Achieve sustainability and ecological balance
(C) Ignore ecological concerns
(D) Expand fossil fuel use