1. : Which of the following is the primary purpose of ecological sampling?
(A) To study entire populations directly
(B) To estimate characteristics of populations from samples
(C) To eliminate variability in ecosystems
(D) To avoid statistical analysis
2. : A quadrat is commonly used in ecological sampling for:
(A) Measuring wind speed
(B) Estimating vegetation cover and density
(C) Analyzing soil nutrients in labs
(D) Recording rainfall
3. : The line transect method is most suitable for:
(A) Measuring soil depth
(B) Studying plant distribution along gradients
(C) Estimating fish population size
(D) Measuring tree girth
4. : Which of the following is a random sampling method?
(A) Quadrat sampling
(B) Point sampling
(C) Random number-based selection
(D) All of the above
5. : The belt transect method is an extension of:
(A) Quadrat method
(B) Line transect method
(C) Capture-recapture method
(D) Point intercept method
6. : Which type of sampling ensures each member has equal chance of being selected?
(A) Systematic sampling
(B) Stratified sampling
(C) Random sampling
(D) Purposive sampling
7. : Which sampling method is best for studying rare species?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Purposive sampling
(C) Systematic sampling
(D) Stratified sampling
8. : The capture-mark-recapture method is used for estimating:
(A) Tree age
(B) Animal population size
(C) Soil porosity
(D) Plant density
9. : Which of the following is a non-random sampling method?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Stratified sampling
(C) Opportunistic sampling
(D) Systematic sampling
10. : Which sampling method divides the study area into strata or groups before sampling?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Stratified sampling
(C) Systematic sampling
(D) Purposive sampling
11. : The point-centered quarter method is mainly used to estimate:
(A) Animal diversity
(B) Tree density and distribution
(C) Water quality
(D) Soil moisture
12. : Which of the following is the most objective sampling method?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Purposive sampling
(C) Opportunistic sampling
(D) Haphazard sampling
13. : The Shannon-Wiener Index is used to measure:
(A) Soil fertility
(B) Species diversity
(C) Tree diameter
(D) Water clarity
14. : The Simpson’s Index is an ecological measure of:
(A) Plant density
(B) Species dominance and diversity
(C) Animal size
(D) Soil pH
15. : Which method is best suited for mobile animal populations?
(A) Quadrat sampling
(B) Capture-mark-recapture
(C) Line transects only
(D) Belt transects only
16. : Systematic sampling is carried out by:
(A) Pure chance
(B) Using a random number table
(C) Selecting samples at regular intervals
(D) Only targeting rare species
17. : Which type of error occurs due to bias in sampling method?
(A) Random error
(B) Sampling error
(C) Measurement error
(D) Systematic error
18. : Species richness refers to:
(A) Number of individuals in a population
(B) Number of different species present
(C) Distribution of individuals among species
(D) Diversity index value
19. : The evenness index measures:
(A) Equality of individuals among species
(B) Biomass distribution
(C) Growth rate of plants
(D) Nutrient balance in soil
20. : Which is an advantage of stratified sampling?
(A) Reduces cost and time
(B) Ensures all habitats are represented
(C) Eliminates sampling error
(D) Avoids statistical analysis
21. : Which method uses trap cameras for wildlife studies?
(A) Quadrat sampling
(B) Transect survey
(C) Remote sensing sampling
(D) Camera trapping method
22. : Which of the following is a destructive sampling method?
(A) Quadrat observation
(B) Soil coring
(C) Remote sensing
(D) Point intercept
23. : Sampling intensity refers to:
(A) Number of species per unit area
(B) Ratio of sample area to total area
(C) Population growth rate
(D) Variance in data
24. : Which index considers both species richness and evenness?
(A) Shannon-Wiener Index
(B) Margalef’s Index
(C) Simpson’s Index
(D) Jaccard Index
25. : Which is a limitation of quadrat sampling?
(A) Suitable only for mobile animals
(B) Requires expensive equipment
(C) Ineffective in heterogeneous habitats
(D) Cannot estimate population density
26. : The Jaccard Similarity Index is used to compare:
(A) Species composition between two communities
(B) Soil fertility levels
(C) Tree heights
(D) Animal migration patterns
27. : In ecological analysis, frequency refers to:
(A) Number of species in a sample
(B) Percentage of quadrats a species occurs in
(C) Biomass of plants
(D) Growth rate of animals
28. : Which of the following is a non-destructive method of sampling?
(A) Remote sensing
(B) Quadrat harvest
(C) Soil excavation
(D) Pitfall trapping
29. : Which type of sampling is most cost-effective but less accurate?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Stratified sampling
(C) Opportunistic sampling
(D) Systematic sampling
30. : Which method is commonly used for aquatic ecological sampling?
(A) Plankton net
(B) Mist net
(C) Pitfall trap
(D) Sherman trap
31. : Ecological niche modeling is an example of:
(A) Laboratory sampling
(B) Statistical analysis of field data
(C) Opportunistic sampling
(D) Soil chemistry analysis
32. : The Margalef’s Index is used to measure:
(A) Population density
(B) Species richness
(C) Evenness of individuals
(D) Habitat degradation
33. : Which ecological parameter is estimated by the capture-mark-recapture formula N = (M×C)/R?
(A) Species richness
(B) Total population size
(C) Growth rate
(D) Community similarity
34. : Species abundance refers to:
(A) Number of different species present
(B) Total number of individuals of a species in a given area
(C) Proportion of dominant species
(D) Diversity index value
35. : Which index is often used for beta diversity?
(A) Jaccard Index
(B) Shannon Index
(C) Simpson Index
(D) Margalef’s Index
36. : Which sampling design is best for heterogeneous environments?
(A) Random sampling
(B) Stratified sampling
(C) Systematic sampling
(D) Purposive sampling
37. : Which method is most commonly used for measuring canopy cover?
(A) Line intercept method
(B) Soil coring method
(C) Capture-recapture method
(D) Mist netting
38. : Which type of analysis compares observed data with expected data?
(A) Regression analysis
(B) Chi-square test
(C) Diversity index calculation
(D) T-test
39. : The rare faction curve in ecology helps in:
(A) Measuring tree height
(B) Estimating species richness with increasing samples
(C) Measuring soil depth
(D) Estimating rainfall
40. : The species-area curve shows:
(A) Relationship between habitat area and species richness
(B) Relationship between biomass and rainfall
(C) Relationship between soil pH and diversity
(D) Relationship between canopy cover and density
41. : Which is a limitation of systematic sampling?
(A) Overestimates density
(B) May miss rare species due to fixed intervals
(C) Requires complex equipment
(D) Cannot be analyzed statistically
42. : The Bray-Curtis index is used for:
(A) Community similarity analysis
(B) Tree density estimation
(C) Soil nutrient analysis
(D) Rainfall measurement
43. : Which statistical test is most used in ecological data analysis?
(A) Regression analysis
(B) ANOVA
(C) Chi-square test
(D) All of the above
44. : The species dominance index indicates:
(A) Which species are rare
(B) Which species contribute most to community structure
(C) Which species are absent
(D) Which species are newly evolved
45. : Which tool is used for GIS-based ecological sampling?
(A) Remote sensing satellites
(B) GPS devices
(C) Drone-based sensors
(D) All of the above
46. : Which of the following is true for alpha diversity?
(A) Refers to local diversity within a habitat
(B) Compares diversity between habitats
(C) Refers to regional species pool
(D) None of the above
47. : Beta diversity measures:
(A) Change in species composition between habitats
(B) Population growth within a habitat
(C) Density of plants per quadrat
(D) Biomass in soil
48. : Which of the following represents gamma diversity?
(A) Species diversity at a landscape scale
(B) Species diversity within one quadrat
(C) Diversity between two nearby plots
(D) Diversity of soil nutrients
49. : Which factor affects ecological sampling the most?
(A) Sample size
(B) Sampling design
(C) Habitat heterogeneity
(D) All of the above
50. : The ultimate goal of ecological sampling and analysis is:
(A) To provide accurate estimates of biodiversity and ecosystem structure
(B) To avoid fieldwork
(C) To replace natural ecosystems with artificial ones
(D) To ignore statistical approaches