1. : What is a digital library?
(A) A physical collection of printed materials
(B) A library that provides access to digital resources and services
(C) A mobile library van
(D) A library for children only
2. : The primary objective of a digital library is to:
(A) Replace librarians
(B) Store and provide access to electronic resources
(C) Print more books
(D) Restrict information access
3. : Which of the following is an example of a digital library?
(A) Google Books
(B) Wikipedia
(C) LinkedIn
(D) Facebook
4. : An institutional repository is mainly designed to:
(A) Store and provide access to the scholarly output of an institution
(B) Sell books to the public
(C) Archive social media data
(D) Maintain student attendance records
5. : Which of the following software is commonly used for institutional repositories?
(A) DSpace
(B) Koha
(C) CDS/ISIS
(D) Greenstone
6. : What does the term open access mean?
(A) Access to digital content without financial or legal barriers
(B) Access only for registered members
(C) Restricted access for researchers
(D) Access with paid subscriptions
7. : Which of the following is an open-source digital library software?
(A) Greenstone
(B) Aleph
(C) Virtua
(D) Millennium
8. : Who developed the DSpace software?
(A) Library of Congress and UNESCO
(B) MIT and HP Labs
(C) IFLA and ALA
(D) OCLC and EBSCO
9. : Which format is commonly used for storing metadata in digital libraries?
(A) Dublin Core
(B) PDF
(C) DOCX
(D) XML
10. : The main advantage of digital libraries over traditional libraries is:
(A) Space saving and easy accessibility
(B) More staff required
(C) Higher maintenance cost
(D) Less access to users
11. : Which of the following is not a function of a digital library?
(A) Digitization of resources
(B) Online access to materials
(C) Circulation of physical books
(D) Metadata creation
12. : The process of converting printed documents into digital form is known as:
(A) Digitization
(B) Serialization
(C) Synchronization
(D) Classification
13. : Which of the following is an example of an institutional repository in Pakistan?
(A) Pakistan Research Repository (HEC)
(B) JSTOR
(C) Project MUSE
(D) EBSCOhost
14. : Which of the following protocols is used for metadata harvesting in repositories?
(A) OAI-PMH
(B) HTTP
(C) FTP
(D) SMTP
15. : The abbreviation OAI-PMH stands for:
(A) Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
(B) Online Access Information for Public Management
(C) Open Access Infrastructure for Public Health
(D) Official Archives Integration Protocol
16. : The Dublin Core standard typically defines how many basic metadata elements?
(A) 10
(B) 12
(C) 15
(D) 20
17. : Self-archiving means:
(A) Authors deposit their work in an institutional repository
(B) Libraries buy journals themselves
(C) Publishers archive books
(D) Researchers store files on their desktops
18. : The Greenstone Digital Library Software was developed by:
(A) University of Waikato, New Zealand
(B) University of Oxford, UK
(C) Harvard University, USA
(D) University of Toronto, Canada
19. : Which of the following best describes hybrid libraries?
(A) Libraries with both print and digital resources
(B) Only digital resources
(C) Only print resources
(D) Mobile libraries
20. : Which one of the following is a cloud-based repository system?
(A) Figshare
(B) Koha
(C) CDS/ISIS
(D) Greenstone
21. : The LOCKSS initiative helps libraries:
(A) Preserve digital content for the long term
(B) Catalog print books
(C) Manage user accounts
(D) Conduct digital literacy programs
22. : The acronym LOCKSS stands for:
(A) Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe
(B) Local Online Catalog Keeping System Secure
(C) Library Online Collection Knowledge Storage System
(D) Linked Open Content for Scholarly Sharing
23. : The main benefit of institutional repositories for universities is:
(A) Increased visibility and impact of research output
(B) Reduced teaching workload
(C) More student enrollments
(D) Less digital infrastructure
24. : Which of the following file formats is preferred for archival storage in digital libraries?
(A) PDF/A
(B) JPG
(C) DOC
(D) XLS
25. : The interoperability of digital repositories ensures:
(A) Smooth data exchange between systems
(B) Restriction of access
(C) Manual record-keeping
(D) Offline-only access
26. : Which of the following is not a characteristic of a digital library?
(A) Remote accessibility
(B) Physical space requirements
(C) Searchable databases
(D) Electronic storage
27. : The long-term preservation of digital resources is ensured by:
(A) Digital preservation strategies
(B) Manual copying
(C) Printing hard copies
(D) Deleting old files
28. : Which of the following standards is used for persistent identifiers in digital repositories?
(A) DOI
(B) ISBN
(C) ISSN
(D) MARC
29. : In a digital repository, metadata is used to:
(A) Describe and provide access to digital objects
(B) Replace the digital content
(C) Store only titles
(D) Delete duplicate files
30. : The ultimate goal of a digital library or repository is to:
(A) Provide universal access to knowledge and preserve digital content
(B) Eliminate libraries
(C) Restrict research access
(D) Replace human librarians