1. Developmental biology studies:
(A) Processes of growth, differentiation, and development of organisms
(B) Photosynthesis only
(C) Soil nutrient cycles only
(D) Energy flow in ecosystems
2. The zygote is formed by:
(A) Asexual budding
(B) Mitosis only
(C) Fertilization of two eggs
(D) Fusion of sperm and egg
3. Cleavage is:
(A) Rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote
(B) DNA replication only
(C) Fertilization
(D) Formation of gametes
4. Blastula is:
(A) A hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage
(B) A single-celled zygote
(C) Differentiated tissue
(D) Adult organ
5. Gastrulation leads to the formation of:
(A) Four germ layers
(B) Two germ layers
(C) Single germ layer
(D) Three germ layers
6. The three primary germ layers are:
(A) Endoderm, exoderm, mesoderm
(B) Ectoderm, mesoderm, exoderm
(C) Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
(D) Mesoderm, endoderm, epiderm
7. The ectoderm gives rise to:
(A) Muscles only
(B) Nervous system and skin
(C) Bones only
(D) Digestive tract lining only
8. The mesoderm gives rise to:
(A) Skin only
(B) Nervous system only
(C) Muscles, bones, circulatory system
(D) Digestive tract only
9. The endoderm gives rise to:
(A) Nervous system only
(B) Lining of gut, liver, pancreas
(C) Bones only
(D) Muscles only
10. Neurulation is the process of forming:
(A) Neural tube
(B) Heart
(C) Limb buds
(D) Digestive tract
11. Somitogenesis gives rise to:
(A) Neural tube
(B) Somites that form vertebrae and muscles
(C) Skin
(D) Gut lining
12. Morphogens are:
(A) Enzymes for digestion
(B) Molecules that control pattern formation
(C) Proteins for energy storage
(D) DNA sequences only
13. Homeotic genes (Hox genes) regulate:
(A) Muscle contraction only
(B) Photosynthesis
(C) Body segment identity
(D) Energy production only
14. Induction in development refers to:
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) Random mutations
(C) DNA replication
(D) Influence of one group of cells on another to differentiate
15. Apoptosis is:
(A) Fertilization
(B) Cell division
(C) Programmed cell death
(D) Cleavage
16. In amphibians, the dorsal lip of the blastopore acts as:
(A) Neural tube
(B) Organizer
(C) Muscle precursor
(D) Gut precursor
17. Epigenesis theory states that:
(A) Organisms preexist in miniature
(B) Organisms develop from simple to complex structures
(C) Development is random
(D) Only DNA determines development
18. Preformation theory suggested that:
(A) Development is gradual
(B) Organisms develop from miniature version preformed in gametes
(C) Embryos are random
(D) DNA controls everything
19. Cleavage pattern in amphibians is:
(A) Spiral only
(B) Discoidal only
(C) Superficial only
(D) Holoblastic and radial
20. Cleavage in birds is:
(A) Holoblastic and radial
(B) Meroblastic and discoidal
(C) Spiral only
(D) Superficial only
21. Blastopore in protostomes forms:
(A) Mouth
(B) Anus
(C) Neural tube
(D) Heart
22. Blastopore in deuterostomes forms:
(A) Neural tube
(B) Mouth
(C) Anus
(D) Muscles
23. Morphogenesis refers to:
(A) DNA replication
(B) Energy production
(C) The biological process that controls shape and structure formation
(D) Cell division only
24. Pattern formation refers to:
(A) Soil gradients only
(B) Energy flow in cells
(C) Spatial organization of tissues and organs
(D) Photosynthesis rate
25. Cell differentiation involves:
(A) DNA replication only
(B) Cell division only
(C) Cells acquiring specific structure and function
(D) Energy metabolism only
26. Totipotent cells can:
(A) Only form nervous tissue
(B) Only form muscles
(C) Only form skin
(D) Give rise to all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues
27. Pluripotent cells can:
(A) Form only muscles
(B) Give rise to only one tissue type
(C) Form only gametes
(D) Give rise to all body cell types but not extraembryonic tissues
28. Multipotent cells can:
(A) Give rise to all cells
(B) Give rise to a limited number of cell types
(C) Form only gametes
(D) Form only neural cells
29. Stem cells are:
(A) Dead cells
(B) Fully differentiated cells
(C) Undifferentiated cells with self-renewal capacity
(D) Only gametes
30. In humans, gastrulation occurs at:
(A) Week 4
(B) Week 1
(C) Week 2
(D) Week 3 of development
31. Neural crest cells give rise to:
(A) Peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, and facial cartilage
(B) Heart only
(C) Liver only
(D) Skin only
32. Limb bud formation is controlled by:
(A) Neural tube only
(B) Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
(C) Somites only
(D) Gut endoderm only
33. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene is important in:
(A) Photosynthesis only
(B) Limb patterning and neural development
(C) DNA replication only
(D) Energy production only
34. Wnt signaling pathway regulates:
(A) Cell fate and patterning
(B) Photosynthesis
(C) DNA replication
(D) Protein degradation only
35. Notch signaling pathway is involved in:
(A) Energy production only
(B) Cell differentiation and tissue development
(C) DNA replication only
(D) Photosynthesis only
36. Apical-basal polarity in cells determines:
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) Energy production
(C) Orientation and differentiation of cells
(D) DNA replication only
37. Morphogen gradients provide:
(A) DNA replication signals only
(B) Energy only
(C) Positional information for cells
(D) Photosynthesis signals only
38. Organogenesis refers to:
(A) Fertilization
(B) Cell division only
(C) Formation of organs from germ layers
(D) Photosynthesis only
39. Blastocyst implantation occurs in:
(A) Vagina only
(B) Ovary only
(C) Fallopian tube only
(D) Uterus
40. Extraembryonic membranes include:
(A) Only chorion
(B) Only amnion
(C) Amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois
(D) Only yolk sac
41. Amnion functions to:
(A) Protect the embryo with fluid cushioning
(B) Provide energy
(C) Form bones only
(D) Form muscles only
42. Allantois functions in:
(A) Waste storage and gas exchange
(B) Energy production
(C) DNA replication
(D) Photosynthesis
43. Chorion functions in:
(A) Gas exchange and forming part of placenta
(B) Photosynthesis only
(C) DNA replication only
(D) Energy production only
44. Yolk sac functions in:
(A) Nutrition in early embryonic stages
(B) Waste excretion only
(C) Photosynthesis
(D) Energy production only
45. Fertilization in humans occurs in:
(A) Vagina
(B) Ovary
(C) Uterus
(D) Fallopian tube
46. Cleavage in mammals is:
(A) Radial only
(B) Meroblastic only
(C) Spiral only
(D) Holoblastic and rotational
47. Gastrulation results in:
(A) Formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
(B) Formation of zygote
(C) Fertilization
(D) Photosynthesis
48. Induction, competence, and determination are:
(A) Soil adaptation processes
(B) Energy flow processes
(C) Photosynthesis processes
(D) Key processes in cell differentiation
49. Organizer regions in embryos control:
(A) Energy production
(B) Developmental pattern of surrounding tissues
(C) Photosynthesis
(D) Soil nutrient absorption
50. Totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent describe:
(A) Soil adaptation
(B) Photosynthesis efficiency
(C) Differentiation potential of stem cells
(D) Energy levels