1. Cytogenetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of:
(A) Cell metabolism
(B) Tissue organization
(C) Chromosomes and their behavior
(D) Molecular enzymes
2. The term chromosome was coined by:
(A) Waldeyer
(B) Fleming
(C) Sutton
(D) Mendel
3. Chromosomes are best visible during:
(A) Interphase
(B) Prophase
(C) Metaphase
(D) Telophase
4. The constricted region of a chromosome is called:
(A) Chromatid
(B) Telomere
(C) Centromere
(D) Kinetochore
5. The ends of chromosomes are known as:
(A) Telomeres
(B) Chromomeres
(C) Centromeres
(D) Origins
6. A chromosome with the centromere in the middle is called:
(A) Acrocentric
(B) Metacentric
(C) Telocentric
(D) Submetacentric
7. Chromosomes having centromere near one end are:
(A) Metacentric
(B) Submetacentric
(C) Acrocentric
(D) Holocentric
8. A chromosome without a centromere is known as:
(A) Dicentric
(B) Polycentric
(C) Acentric
(D) Telocentric
9. The number of chromosomes in somatic human cells is:
(A) 23
(B) 44
(C) 46
(D) 48
10. Haploid chromosome number in humans is:
(A) 23
(B) 22
(C) 44
(D) 46
11. The complete set of chromosomes of an organism is called:
(A) Genome
(B) Nucleotype
(C) Idiogram
(D) Karyotype
12. Diagrammatic representation of chromosomes arranged in order is called:
(A) Idiogram
(B) Nucleolus
(C) Genome
(D) Chromatid
13. Chromosomal study using staining techniques is known as:
(A) Karyotyping
(B) Autoradiography
(C) Gene mapping
(D) PCR
14. G-banding technique is mainly used to:
(A) Count ribosomes
(B) Identify chromosome regions
(C) Detect proteins
(D) Observe RNA
15. The nucleolar organizer region (NOR) is associated with:
(A) mRNA synthesis
(B) rRNA synthesis
(C) tRNA synthesis
(D) DNA replication
16. Secondary constrictions are found at:
(A) Telomeres
(B) Centromeres
(C) NOR regions
(D) Chromatids
17. Polyploidy refers to the presence of:
(A) Extra genes
(B) More than two sets of chromosomes
(C) Extra chromosomes
(D) Mutated DNA
18. Aneuploidy involves:
(A) Change in gene sequence
(B) Duplication of genome
(C) Change in chromosome sets
(D) Loss or gain of one or few chromosomes
19. Down syndrome is caused by:
(A) Monosomy X
(B) Trisomy 21
(C) Trisomy 18
(D) Polyploidy
20. Turner syndrome individuals have chromosome complement:
(A) XO
(B) XY
(C) XX
(D) XXX
21. Klinefelter syndrome is represented by:
(A) XO
(B) XXY
(C) XXX
(D) XYY
22. Structural changes in chromosomes include:
(A) Polyploidy
(B) Deletion
(C) Aneuploidy
(D) Trisomy
23. Loss of a chromosome segment is called:
(A) Duplication
(B) Inversion
(C) Translocation
(D) Deletion
24. Reversal of chromosome segment is termed:
(A) Duplication
(B) Deletion
(C) Translocation
(D) Inversion
25. Exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes is called:
(A) Duplication
(B) Translocation
(C) Inversion
(D) Deletion
26. Chromosome duplication results in:
(A) Loss of genes
(B) Chromosome loss
(C) Gene inversion
(D) Extra gene copies
27. A chromosome with two centromeres is known as:
(A) Acentric
(B) Dicentric
(C) Polycentric
(D) Holocentric
28. Holocentric chromosomes have:
(A) No centromere
(B) One centromere
(C) Diffuse centromere
(D) Centromere at ends
29. Chromosomal aberrations can be detected using:
(A) Karyotyping
(B) Light microscopy
(C) PCR
(D) Western blot
30. Barr body represents:
(A) Active X chromosome
(B) Autosome
(C) Y chromosome
(D) Inactive X chromosome
31. Number of Barr bodies equals:
(A) Number of X chromosomes
(B) Y chromosomes
(C) X chromosomes minus one
(D) Autosomes
32. Chromatin that stains lightly is called:
(A) Euchromatin
(B) Heterochromatin
(C) Chromomere
(D) Kinetochore
33. Highly condensed and inactive chromatin is known as:
(A) Euchromatin
(B) Heterochromatin
(C) Chromatid
(D) Centromere
34. Chromosome pairing occurs during:
(A) Mitosis
(B) Meiosis I
(C) Meiosis II
(D) Interphase
35. Synapsis occurs during which stage?
(A) Leptotene
(B) Diplotene
(C) Pachytene
(D) Zygotene
36. Crossing over takes place during:
(A) Leptotene
(B) Pachytene
(C) Zygotene
(D) Diakinesis
37. Visible evidence of crossing over is called:
(A) Synapsis
(B) Tetrad
(C) Chiasma
(D) Bivalent
38. A bivalent consists of:
(A) One chromosome
(B) Two chromatids
(C) Four cells
(D) Two homologous chromosomes
39. Tetrad formation occurs due to:
(A) DNA replication
(B) Chromosome duplication
(C) Pairing of homologous chromosomes
(D) Cell division
40. Sex chromosomes in humans are:
(A) XX and XY
(B) XY only
(C) XX only
(D) XO
41. Autosomes in humans are:
(A) 24 pairs
(B) 23 pairs
(C) 21 pairs
(D) 22 pairs
42. The smallest human chromosome is:
(A) Chromosome 1
(B) Chromosome Y
(C) Chromosome X
(D) Chromosome 21
43. Polytene chromosomes are found in:
(A) Human neurons
(B) Plant roots
(C) Liver cells
(D) Salivary glands of Drosophila
44. Lampbrush chromosomes are observed during:
(A) Oogenesis
(B) Spermatogenesis
(C) Mitosis
(D) Fertilization
45. Satellite chromosomes possess:
(A) Extra centromere
(B) Extra genes
(C) Two telomeres
(D) Secondary constriction
46. Kinetochore is associated with:
(A) Centromere
(B) Telomere
(C) Chromatid
(D) Chromomere
47. Chromosomal mutations are also called:
(A) Gene mutations
(B) Structural aberrations
(C) Point mutations
(D) Silent mutations
48. Numerical chromosome changes affect:
(A) Gene sequence
(B) Chromosome number
(C) Protein structure
(D) Enzyme activity
49. Euploid condition refers to:
(A) Normal chromosome sets
(B) Abnormal chromosome number
(C) Missing chromosome
(D) Extra chromosome
50. Cytogenetic analysis is mainly useful for studying:
(A) Metabolic pathways
(B) Protein synthesis
(C) Enzyme kinetics
(D) Chromosomal abnormalities