1. The basic structural and functional unit of life is:
(A) Tissue
(B) Cell
(C) Organ
(D) Molecule
2. The cell theory was proposed by:
(A) Darwin and Wallace
(B) Schleiden and Schwann
(C) Mendel and Watson
(D) Linnaeus and Lamarck
3. Who discovered the nucleus?
(A) Robert Brown
(B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(C) Matthias Schleiden
(D) Theodor Schwann
4. Prokaryotic cells lack:
(A) Membrane-bound nucleus
(B) Ribosomes
(C) Plasma membrane
(D) Cytoplasm
5. Eukaryotic cells have:
(A) Only ribosomes
(B) Membrane-bound organelles
(C) No DNA
(D) Only cell wall
6. The plasma membrane is primarily composed of:
(A) Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
(B) DNA and RNA
(C) Cellulose only
(D) Chitin only
7. The fluid mosaic model of cell membrane was proposed by:
(A) Hooke and Brown
(B) Watson and Crick
(C) Singer and Nicolson
(D) Schleiden and Schwann
8. The nucleus is surrounded by:
(A) Endoplasmic reticulum
(B) Plasma membrane
(C) Mitochondrial membrane
(D) Nuclear envelope
9. Nucleolus is responsible for:
(A) DNA replication
(B) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
(C) Protein degradation
(D) Lipid synthesis
10. DNA is primarily located in:
(A) Lysosomes
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Nucleus
11. The mitochondria is known as:
(A) The powerhouse of the cell
(B) Protein factory
(C) Lipid storage site
(D) Digestive organelle
12. Mitochondria are the site of:
(A) Aerobic respiration
(B) Photosynthesis
(C) Protein synthesis only
(D) Lipid breakdown only
13. Chloroplasts are found in:
(A) Bacterial cells
(B) Animal cells
(C) Fungal cells
(D) Plant cells
14. Chloroplasts are responsible for:
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) Protein synthesis
(C) Lipid degradation
(D) DNA replication
15. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is of two types:
(A) Circular ER and Linear ER
(B) Rough ER and Smooth ER
(C) Nuclear ER and Cytoplasmic ER
(D) Proximal ER and Distal ER
16. Rough ER is associated with:
(A) Lipid synthesis only
(B) Ribosomes and protein synthesis
(C) DNA replication only
(D) Energy production only
17. Smooth ER is associated with:
(A) Photosynthesis only
(B) Protein synthesis only
(C) DNA storage only
(D) Lipid and steroid synthesis
18. Golgi apparatus is responsible for:
(A) DNA replication
(B) Energy production
(C) Lipid degradation
(D) Packaging and modification of proteins
19. Lysosomes contain:
(A) Digestive enzymes
(B) Ribosomes
(C) DNA only
(D) Photosynthetic pigments
20. Peroxisomes are responsible for:
(A) Breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification
(B) Protein synthesis
(C) Energy production only
(D) DNA replication
21. Ribosomes are the site of:
(A) Protein synthesis
(B) Lipid synthesis
(C) DNA replication
(D) Photosynthesis
22. Ribosomes are composed of:
(A) DNA only
(B) rRNA and proteins
(C) Lipids only
(D) Carbohydrates only
23. Cytoskeleton provides:
(A) DNA replication only
(B) Energy for cell only
(C) Structural support and shape to the cell
(D) Ribosome production only
24. Microtubules are made of:
(A) Keratin
(B) Actin
(C) Myosin
(D) Tubulin
25. Microfilaments are made of:
(A) Collagen
(B) Tubulin
(C) Myosin
(D) Actin
26. Intermediate filaments provide:
(A) Mechanical strength
(B) Energy production
(C) Photosynthesis
(D) DNA replication
27. Centrosome is important for:
(A) Protein synthesis only
(B) Microtubule organization and cell division
(C) DNA replication only
(D) Lipid storage only
28. Centrioles are found in:
(A) Bacteria
(B) Plant cells
(C) Animal cells
(D) Fungi
29. The cell wall in plants is made of:
(A) Peptidoglycan
(B) Chitin
(C) Cellulose
(D) Lipids
30. The cell wall in fungi is made of:
(A) Chitin
(B) Cellulose
(C) Peptidoglycan
(D) Proteins
31. The prokaryotic cell wall contains:
(A) Proteins only
(B) Cellulose
(C) Chitin
(D) Peptidoglycan
32. Passive transport across membranes does not require:
(A) Proteins
(B) Energy
(C) Lipids
(D) Carbohydrates
33. Active transport across membranes requires:
(A) Only carbohydrates
(B) No energy
(C) Only lipids
(D) Energy in the form of ATP
34. Diffusion is:
(A) Active transport only
(B) Movement of molecules from low to high concentration
(C) Energy-dependent transport
(D) Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
35. Osmosis is:
(A) Diffusion of solute
(B) Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
(C) Active transport
(D) Endocytosis
36. Endocytosis involves:
(A) Release of substances out of the cell
(B) Uptake of substances into the cell
(C) DNA replication
(D) Protein degradation
37. Exocytosis involves:
(A) Water uptake
(B) DNA replication
(C) Protein synthesis
(D) Secretion of substances from the cell
38. Phagocytosis is:
(A) Engulfment of large particles
(B) Engulfment of water only
(C) Protein synthesis only
(D) Lipid synthesis only
39. Pinocytosis is:
(A) Photosynthesis
(B) Engulfment of large particles only
(C) DNA replication
(D) Engulfment of fluids
40. Vacuoles in plant cells function in:
(A) Storage of water, nutrients, and waste
(B) Protein synthesis
(C) Lipid degradation
(D) DNA storage only
41. Plant vacuoles maintain:
(A) Energy production
(B) Turgor pressure
(C) Protein synthesis only
(D) Lipid storage only
42. Permeases are:
(A) Ribosomes
(B) Membrane proteins facilitating transport
(C) Mitochondrial enzymes
(D) Photosynthetic pigments
43. Signal recognition particle (SRP) directs:
(A) Ribosomes to mitochondria
(B) DNA to the nucleus
(C) Proteins to the ER
(D) Lipids to the Golgi
44. The glycocalyx is:
(A) Lipid layer on bacteria only
(B) Carbohydrate layer on animal cell surface
(C) Protein coat on plant cells
(D) DNA coat on fungi
45. Plasmodesmata in plant cells:
(A) Facilitate intercellular communication
(B) Store water
(C) Produce energy
(D) Synthesize proteins only
46. Gap junctions in animal cells:
(A) Photosynthesis only
(B) Store nutrients
(C) Produce ATP only
(D) Allow exchange of ions and small molecules
47. Tight junctions in animal cells:
(A) Produce energy
(B) Allow free passage of molecules
(C) Store water
(D) Prevent leakage between cells
48. Desmosomes in animal cells provide:
(A) DNA replication
(B) Energy production
(C) Mechanical strength
(D) Protein synthesis only
49. Lysosomal storage diseases are caused by:
(A) Deficiency of mitochondria
(B) Deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes
(C) Excess ribosomes
(D) Lack of chloroplasts
50. Cell organelles having their own DNA include:
(A) Nucleus only
(B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts
(C) Golgi apparatus only
(D) Lysosomes only