1. The main energy currency of the cell is:
(A) NADH
(B) ATP
(C) ADP
(D) GTP
2. Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism?
(A) Vitamin A
(B) Vitamin D
(C) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
(D) Vitamin C
3. The building blocks of proteins are:
(A) Monosaccharides
(B) Fatty acids
(C) Amino acids
(D) Nucleotides
4. The main site of glycolysis in the cell is the:
(A) Mitochondria
(B) Cytoplasm
(C) Nucleus
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum
5. The process of glucose formation from non-carbohydrate sources is called:
(A) Glycolysis
(B) Glycogenolysis
(C) Gluconeogenesis
(D) Lipolysis
6. Which element is a component of all amino acids except glycine?
(A) Nitrogen
(B) Sulfur
(C) Phosphorus
(D) Magnesium
7. Which enzyme breaks down starch into maltose?
(A) Pepsin
(B) Lipase
(C) Lactase
(D) Amylase
8. The process by which fats are broken down to produce energy is called:
(A) Lipogenesis
(B) Beta-oxidation
(C) Transamination
(D) Glycogenesis
9. Which vitamin is known as niacin?
(A) Vitamin B2
(B) Vitamin B6
(C) Vitamin B5
(D) Vitamin B3
10. Which mineral is essential for hemoglobin synthesis?
(A) Calcium
(B) Iron
(C) Zinc
(D) Sodium
11. The end product of protein digestion is:
(A) Fatty acids
(B) Glucose
(C) Peptides
(D) Amino acids
12. Enzymes are chemically:
(A) Proteins
(B) Carbohydrates
(C) Lipids
(D) Vitamins
13. Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
(A) Vitamin B6
(B) Vitamin K
(C) Vitamin C
(D) Vitamin B1
14. The main function of carbohydrates is to:
(A) Build muscle
(B) Store genetic information
(C) Synthesize enzymes
(D) Provide energy
15. The process of protein synthesis occurs in the:
(A) Ribosomes
(B) Nucleus
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Lysosomes
16. Vitamin C is also known as:
(A) Ascorbic acid
(B) Nicotinic acid
(C) Retinol
(D) Calciferol
17. Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels?
(A) Thyroxine
(B) Insulin
(C) Adrenaline
(D) Cortisol
18. Deficiency of Vitamin D causes:
(A) Scurvy
(B) Beriberi
(C) Rickets
(D) Pellagra
19. Fats are stored in the human body mainly as:
(A) Triglycerides
(B) Phospholipids
(C) Cholesterol
(D) Fatty acids
20. The main nitrogenous waste product in humans is:
(A) Ammonia
(B) Urea
(C) Uric acid
(D) Creatine
21. The enzyme that breaks proteins into peptides is:
(A) Lipase
(B) Amylase
(C) Pepsin
(D) Lactase
22. Which coenzyme is derived from Vitamin B2?
(A) NAD+
(B) TPP
(C) CoA
(D) FAD
23. Which fatty acid is essential for humans?
(A) Oleic acid
(B) Palmitic acid
(C) Stearic acid
(D) Linoleic acid
24. The metabolic pathway common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is:
(A) Glycolysis
(B) Electron transport chain
(C) Krebs cycle
(D) Gluconeogenesis
25. The process of conversion of glucose into glycogen is called:
(A) Glycolysis
(B) Gluconeogenesis
(C) Lipogenesis
(D) Glycogenesis
26. Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant?
(A) Vitamin D
(B) Vitamin K
(C) Vitamin E
(D) Vitamin B1
27. The deficiency of niacin causes:
(A) Night blindness
(B) Pellagra
(C) Beriberi
(D) Scurvy
28. The end product of fat metabolism is:
(A) Glycerol and fatty acids
(B) Glucose
(C) Amino acids
(D) Polysaccharides
29. Which of the following is a reducing sugar?
(A) Sucrose
(B) Starch
(C) Cellulose
(D) Maltose
30. Which mineral helps in the activation of enzymes?
(A) Sodium
(B) Magnesium
(C) Calcium
(D) Chlorine
31. The enzyme responsible for fat digestion in the small intestine is:
(A) Amylase
(B) Pepsin
(C) Lipase
(D) Trypsin
32. The main function of Vitamin K is:
(A) Vision
(B) Bone growth
(C) Blood clotting
(D) Energy metabolism
33. Protein deficiency in children leads to:
(A) Kwashiorkor
(B) Rickets
(C) Pellagra
(D) Night blindness
34. The main site of fatty acid synthesis is:
(A) Cytoplasm
(B) Nucleus
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Golgi apparatus
35. The storage form of carbohydrates in animals is:
(A) Starch
(B) Sucrose
(C) Cellulose
(D) Glycogen
36. Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?
(A) Vitamin C
(B) Vitamin A
(C) Vitamin D
(D) Vitamin E
37. Which mineral is needed for thyroid hormone synthesis?
(A) Iron
(B) Calcium
(C) Iodine
(D) Zinc
38. Which compound acts as a carrier of acyl groups in metabolism?
(A) ATP
(B) Coenzyme A
(C) NADH
(D) FAD
39. The Krebs cycle takes place in the:
(A) Cytoplasm
(B) Nucleus
(C) Ribosome
(D) Mitochondria
40. The deficiency of Vitamin A leads to:
(A) Night blindness
(B) Pellagra
(C) Anemia
(D) Rickets
41. The main structural protein in the human body is:
(A) Collagen
(B) Keratin
(C) Actin
(D) Myosin
42. The first step of glycolysis is catalyzed by:
(A) Enolase
(B) Aldolase
(C) Hexokinase
(D) Pyruvate kinase
43. Which vitamin deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia?
(A) Vitamin C
(B) Vitamin E
(C) Vitamin B12
(D) Vitamin A
44. The process of removal of an amino group from an amino acid is called:
(A) Decarboxylation
(B) Oxidation
(C) Deamination
(D) Transamination
45. Which of the following is not a carbohydrate?
(A) Glucose
(B) Glycerol
(C) Cellulose
(D) Fructose
46. The enzyme that digests lactose is:
(A) Amylase
(B) Lactase
(C) Lipase
(D) Pepsin
47. The main function of the liver in metabolism is:
(A) Detoxification and nutrient storage
(B) Protein digestion
(C) Hormone synthesis
(D) Blood filtration only
48. The energy yield from one molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration is approximately:
(A) 12 ATP
(B) 24 ATP
(C) 36–38 ATP
(D) 42 ATP
49. The deficiency of folic acid leads to:
(A) Rickets
(B) Scurvy
(C) Anemia
(D) Goiter
50. Which of the following is a macronutrient?
(A) Zinc
(B) Protein
(C) Iron
(D) Iodine